Maths & Sciences
Sub Category
Future of Biology (Prof. Robert A. Weinberg)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Human Polymorphisms and Cancer Classification (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Molecular Medicine 2 (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Molecular Evolution (Prof. Robert A. Weinberg)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Molecular Medicine 1 (Prof. Robert A. Weinberg)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Stem Cells/Cloning 2 (Prof. Robert A. Weinberg)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Stem Cells/Cloning 1 (Prof. Robert A. Weinberg)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Nervous System 3 (Dr. Andrew Chess, Guest Lecturer)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Nervous System 2 (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Nervous System 1 (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Genomics (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
AIDS (Prof. Robert A. Weinberg)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Immunology 2 (Prof. Robert A. Weinberg)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Immunology 1 (Prof. Robert A. Weinberg)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Virology/Tumor Viruses (Prof. Robert A. Weinberg)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Cancer (Prof. Robert A. Weinberg)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Cell Cycle/Signaling (Prof. Robert A. Weinberg)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Recombinant DNA 4 (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Recombinant DNA 3 (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Recombinant DNA 2 (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Recombinant DNA 1 (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Protein Localization (Dr. Claudette Gardel)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Gene Regulation (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Molecular Biology 3 (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Molecular Biology 2 (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Molecular Biology 1 (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Human Genetics (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Genetics 3 (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Genetics 2 (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Genetics 1 (Prof. Eric Lander)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Biochemistry 4 (Prof. Robert A. Weinberg)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Biochemistry 3 (Prof. Robert A. Weinberg)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Biochemistry 1 (Prof. Robert A. Weinberg)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Introduction (Prof. Robert A. Weinberg)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-012F04
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Communities II (Prof. Penny Chisholm)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Communities I (Prof. Penny Chisholm)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Molecular Evolution (Prof. Martin Polz, Guest Lecturer)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Population Genetics and Evolution (Prof. Martin Polz, Guest Lecturer)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Population Growth II (Prof. Penny Chisholm)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Population Growth I (Prof. Penny Chisholm)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Population Growth I (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Recombinant DNA III (cont.)
Immunology I (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Recombinant DNA III (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Recombinant DNA II (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Recombinant DNA I (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Diploid Genetics (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Mitosis and Meiosis (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Mendelian Genetics (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Limiting Factors and Biogeochemical Cycles (Prof. Penny Chisholm)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Regulation of Productivity (Prof. Penny Chisholm)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Productivity and Food Webs (Prof. Penny Chisholm)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Carbon and Energy Metabolism (Prof. Penny Chisholm)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
The Biosphere (Prof. Penny Chisholm)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Bacterial Genetics (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Molecular Biology IV (cont.)
Gene Regulation I (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Molecular Biology IV (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Molecular Biology III (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
(Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Molecular Biology II
Process of Science (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Molecular Biology I (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Biochemistry VI (cont.)
DNA as Genetic Material (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Biochemistry VI (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Biochemistry V (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Biochemistry IV (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Biochemistry III (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Biochemistry II (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Biochemistry I (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Introduction (Prof. Graham Walker)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/7-014S05
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Interview with Bioengineering faculty Prof. Todd Thorsen
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Interview with Bioengineering faculty Prof. Subra Suresh
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Interview with Bioengineering faculty Prof. Greg Stephanopoulos
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Interview with Bioengineering faculty Prof. Ram Sasisekharan
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Interview with Bioengineering faculty Prof. Christine Ortiz
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Interview with Bioengineering faculty Prof. Paul Matsudaira
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Interview with Bioengineering faculty Prof. Douglas Lauffenburger
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Interview with Bioengineering faculty Prof. Matthew Lang
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Interview with Bioengineering faculty Prof. Kimberly Hamad-Schifferli
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Interview with Bioengineering faculty Prof. Alan Grodzinsky
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Interview with Bioengineering faculty Prof. Linda Griffith
(In making devices with precise three-dimensional structure, as shown in Linda Griffith's video, she used TheriForm technology, which is available commercially from Therics, Inc., in Princeton, NJ.)
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Interview with Bioengineering faculty Prof. Charles Cooney
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Biological Computing - Prof. Drew Endy
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Chemical Foundations of Bioengineering (cont.) - Prof. Paul Matsudaira
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Biological Foundations of Bioengineering - Prof. Paul Matsudaira
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Bioengineering - Prof. Douglas Lauffenburger
View the complete course: http://ocw.mit.edu/20-010JS06
License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
More information at http://ocw.mit.edu/terms
More courses at http://ocw.mit.edu
Organic photochemistry and pericyclic reactions by Dr. N.D. Pradeep Singh, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Animal Physiology by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Bio electricity by Prof. Mainak Das,Department of Biotechnology,IIT Kanpur.For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.ac.in
Lecture Series on Basic Electronics by Prof. T.S.Natarajan, Dept. of physics, IIT Madras
visit
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
13
12
41
34
63
56
36
18
41
96
62
29
69
18
57
50
41
58
57
47
48
18
Thermodynamics(Classical) for Biological Systems by Prof. G.K. Suraishkumar, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Madras. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
48
27
49
50
17
36
37
12
47
76
38
51
17
77
77
23
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
World population will continue to rise until at least 2050. Environmental impact is the product of the number of people and how much of their income and technology is devoted to either consumption or conservation. So far, the balance is far at the consumption end and, globally, environmental problems are increasing. Environmentalism has not come close to counteracting the footprint of a billion extra people every dozen years. The only massive success has been the decline in global fertility. People want fewer children, the contraceptive technology is available, and the cost is minimal. The only realistic possibility for ameliorating the environmental crisis might be to facilitate the continued decline of fertility.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Course Retrospective
10:26 - Chapter 2. Population Projections
19:54 - Chapter 3. Factors Affecting Future Population
28:13 - Chapter 4. Population and Environmental Impact
41:17 - Chapter 5. Population and Land Scarcity
49:55 - Chapter 6. Population and Water Scarcity
01:01:41 - Chapter 7. Final Thoughts on Population and Environment
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
The idea that "life begins at conception" is not a scientific one. Since the disproof of 'spontaneous generation' (1668-1859), we have known that life only derives from life. Life arose billions of years ago and has continued since as a cycle. Assigning a beginning to a cycle (like the year) is arbitrary. The Bible describes the cycle as "Dust to Dust." Exodus describes a forced abortion as a property crime, but taking the life of the mother as a capital crime. The New Testament does not refer to abortion.
00:00 - Chapter 1. When Does Life Start?
17:41 - Chapter 2. Historical Belief in Spontaneous Generation
23:44 - Chapter 3. Fertilization as a Marker of Life's Beginning
27:55 - Chapter 4. Genetic Development
38:39 - Chapter 5. Life's Beginning as a Cultural Decision
48:03 - Chapter 6. Abortion in Law, Religion and History
01:05:40 - Chapter 7. Further Historical Origins on Life's Beginning
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
Guest lecturer William Ryerson is President of the Population Media Center which produces radio and TV serial dramas in developing countries that aim to effect behavior change on women's status, family planning and AIDS. Working with governments and in-country media professionals, these melodramas run for hundreds of episodes and are watched by millions. Careful research shows major changes in audience knowledge, attitudes and practices.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction of William Ryerson and Population Growth
11:35 - Chapter 2. Population Growth, Women's Rights and Economy
21:03 - Chapter 3. Environment and Population
27:27 - Chapter 4. Mass Media and the Sabido Method
37:53 - Chapter 5. Population Programs in Tanzania and Ethiopia
47:49 - Chapter 6. Population Media Center in Other Countries
01:02:13 - Chapter 7. Questions for William Ryerson
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
Abortion is very common: worldwide, and in the US, there is 1 abortion for every 3.2 live births. In places where contraception is not used, abortion is used as birth control. Neither legal nor religious proscriptions have a strong effect on abortion rates. In countries where abortion is illegal, maternal death rates are extraordinarily high. Legal, medically done abortions are safer than getting pregnant. Psychological responses depend on the individual and the culture.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Abortion Data
11:22 - Chapter 2. Country Level Abortion Data
21:59 - Chapter 3. Abortion Rates: Health, Safety, Religion and Legality
30:40 - Chapter 4. Abortion: Legality and Health
42:25 - Chapter 5. Contraception and Abortion
55:14 - Chapter 6. Abortion as a Controversy
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
Rates of teen pregnancy in the US are quite high, in contrast to European countries which have much lower rates, especially those with liberal attitudes toward sexuality. Traditionally, puberty and marriage were simultaneous. Now, the many years spent in education leaves a long time between those life stages. Sex education is not particularly strong. Contraception has allowed the rate of teen pregnancy to decrease steadily in spite of the fact that teen sex is consistently increasing. Non-marital childbearing is high in all industrialized countries.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction to Teen Sexuality and Pregnancy
10:00 - Chapter 2. Sex Education and Conflated Teen Sex Issues
18:49 - Chapter 3. Definitions of Marriage
28:19 - Chapter 4. Teen Sexuality
38:09 - Chapter 5. Pregnancy, Marriage, and Single-Parent Families
47:38 - Chapter 6. Trends in Teen Sexuality and Pregnancy
01:02:16 - Chapter 7. Teen Pregnancy in the US and Internationally
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
Data shows, consistently, that poor people have more children than rich people; economically speaking, children are an inferior good. Children are production goods because they do work, consumption goods because they are enjoyable, and investment goods because they support parents in old age. Jobs in the modern sector require education and health. To pay for this, parents have to focus their resources on fewer children.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Children as Inferior Goods
09:50 - Chapter 2. The Economics of Childbearing
22:15 - Chapter 3. Children as Consumption Goods
28:43 - Chapter 4. Children as Investment Goods
37:55 - Chapter 5. Education and Maximizing Investment in Children
50:46 - Chapter 6. Investing in Education
57:01 - Chapter 7. The Process of Modernization
01:06:19 - Chapter 8. Opportunity Costs of Childbearing for Modern Mothers
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
1) Population in China: Until recently, Chinese families did not much alter their fertility depending on life events like deaths of children. However, under government prodding and eventually coercion, fertility drops drastically in China in the 1970s, but, to counteract momentum, the One-Child Policy starts in 1979-80. 2) Population Growth and Economic Development: In Asia, rapid fertility drops have preceded economic booms by ~15 years. In this time, children grow up and become workers. With many workers and fewer children to support, savings and investments rise causing the boom. Non-Asian countries with rapid fertility drops, like Ireland, fit this model. Sub-Saharan Africa, with still high fertility, makes little economic progress.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Concluding Facts on Population in China
14:15 - Chapter 2. Urban v. Rural Fertility in China
26:15 - Chapter 3. Economic Globalization and China
34:17 - Chapter 4. Economic Motivations for Fertility
46:52 - Chapter 5. Population Growth and Relationship with GDP
57:05 - Chapter 6. Demographic Dividend
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
Families lived together in traditional China and sons remained on the land; division of family land led to tiny plots and rural poverty. Because labor was so cheap, the country did not urbanize or mechanize. The Communist government started out with a pro-natal stance, but, after experiencing the famine of the Great Leap Forward, moved strongly to fertility control. Fertility declined rapidly in the 1970s, but to counter momentum, the one-child policy was introduced in 1979-80. Nevertheless, population has now risen to over 1.3 billion.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Population and Family Culture in China
09:47 - Chapter 2. Land Scarcity and Family Culture in China
19:50 - Chapter 3. Poverty and Imperialism in China
29:31 - Chapter 4. 1900s Population Explosion in China
41:38 - Chapter 5. The Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution
51:48 - Chapter 6. Family Planning Programs in China
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
China's early demographic history is similar to that of Europe; population grows only slowly due to war, disease and Malthusian resource limitation. Later, introduction of American foods allowed cultivated land to expand, but population expanded even more rapidly, leading to an extremely dense, but poor population. During this time, female infanticide was frequent, but almost all surviving girls got married. Within marriage, their fertility rate was much lower than that of their European counterparts. This system compares to the English with a low rate of marriage, but high fertility within marriage.
00:00 - Chapter 1. A Story of the One-Child Policy
10:35 - Chapter 2. Qing's Birth and Childhood
15:49 - Chapter 3. History of Population Growth in China
20:25 - Chapter 4. Demographic Data for China
25:20 - Chapter 5. Why Did China Have High Population Growth?
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
In East and South Asia there are many more boys than girls. Previously, this resulted from female infanticide, now it is sex-selective abortion. In those cultures, girls generally marry out of the family as teenagers and thus provide no benefit for the family that raised them. Bangla Desh is agriculturally very rich, but its population is so dense that per capita income is one of the lowest in Asia. Despite the poverty, an excellent family planning program has greatly reduced fertility.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Sex Ratios
15:31 - Chapter 2. Sex Selective Abortion
25:15 - Chapter 3. Genetic Sex Ratios and Cultural Sex Ratios
37:53 - Chapter 4. Other Examples of Female Disadvantage
44:12 - Chapter 5. Population in Bangladesh
58:36 - Chapter 6. Bangladesh and Family Planning
01:08:32 - Chapter 7. Family Planning in India
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
By 1950, in most of the underdeveloped world, mortality had fallen to about half its pre-modern rate. The birth rate, however, had remained high and, by 1950, was about twice the death rate. For the rest of the century, both rates fell dramatically and in parallel, maintaining the gap. The enormous excess of births over deaths in this period is known as 'the population explosion.' By 1990, the world population was growing at almost 90 million a year. Comparing the Demographic Transition in Europe and in the currently developing countries, the latter started 100 years later at a much lower economic level, fell from much higher birth and death rates, occurred much faster and with a much higher population growth rate, and added vastly more people. The developing countries saw the benefits that had accrued to the West as a result of the transition and then rapidly appropriated it for themselves. But while European countries may have quadrupled their population over 200 years, third world countries grew by as much as ten times in a much shorter period and they are still growing at a rapid rate. The problems of this rapid growth (still about 80 million a year) abound. The traditional scourges of starvation (9 million deaths a year), disease (AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria -- all claim between 1 and 2 million deaths per year) and war (Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs ~200,000 deaths) are all far too small to stabilize population. People in developing countries who want to limit their fertility, are often afraid of contraceptives (especially side-effects) and yet are willing to undergo horrendously dangerous illegal abortions to avert a childbirth.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
11:22 - Chapter 2. Issues with Mortality and Fertility Change in Developing Countries
22:27 - Chapter 3. Volume of Population Growth in Mortality Transition
26:55 - Chapter 4. Comparing Fertility Transition to Famine
36:57 - Chapter 5. Comparing Mortality Transition and Disease and War
44:49 - Chapter 6. Desires to Decrease Fertility
57:11 - Chapter 7. Abortion
01:03:05 - Chapter 8. Family Planning and Fertility Decline Worldwide
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
Surveys show that most women are having more children than they would prefer to have. Further, studies show that the vast majority of women know about various forms of contraception. One World Bank study has shown that family planning programs have little impact unless they are attended by improved living standards and increasing status of women.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Desired Number of Children in Bolivia
10:40 - Chapter 2. Ideal Number of Children Across Countries
19:34 - Chapter 3. Anecdotes on Contraception in Kenya
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
Until recently, the world population has been growing faster than exponentially. Although the growth rate has slowed somewhat, there are about 80 million more people each year and about 3 billion more will be added by 2050 (a 50% increase). Population will probably increase more beyond that. Such growth is unprecedented and we cannot predict its long-term effects. The environmental impact of this population increase is bound to be astronomic. Large populations engender two problems: over-consumption in the rich countries which leads to environmental misery, and under-consumption in the poor countries which leads to human misery. People living in abject poverty ($1 per day) don't limit their fertility. Factory jobs in poor countries pay double that, ~$2 per day. For population to stabilize, income must rise. If population is to increase by 50%, income needs to double -- we are looking at a tripling of the world economy. The environment is currently overstressed. Can it survive a tripling of the economy?
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
13:47 - Chapter 2. Population Explosion
28:44 - Chapter 3. Population and Over Consumption
38:58 - Chapter 4. Population and Poverty in the Developing World
51:25 - Chapter 5. Changes in Poverty Levels
01:06:02 - Chapter 6. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
Concerns about low fertility have been present in many countries for at least 100 years. A large population was considered essential to national power. But the issue is never simply a shortage of warm bodies: overall the world population has increased dramatically over this period and untold numbers would immigrate, if allowed. The issue is the number of the 'right sort' of people, defined as those having preferred national, religious, racial, ethnic, or language characteristics. Fertility levels are below replacement in many economically advanced countries. As a result, these countries are aging; medical and retirement costs are increasing. Countries must either raise fertility, accept immigrants, or adapt to a smaller, older population. Policies to raise fertility have not been very effective, except in severe dictatorships. To keep the ratio of working age people to dependents constant, hundreds of millions of immigrants would be required such that 70-80% of the population of receiving countries would be immigrants and their children. Adaptation is probably best, but the required changes (raise retirement age, tax the pension benefits of the wealthy, etc) are politically difficult.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
06:34 - Chapter 2. Low Fertility
14:43 - Chapter 3. Demographers and Low Fertility
24:05 - Chapter 4. Errors in Demographic Interpretation
32:56 - Chapter 5. Policy Responses to Low Fertility
41:40 - Chapter 6. Immigration and Demography
59:10 - Chapter 7. Summary and Conclusions
01:01:06 - Chapter 8. Questions
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
Census data is often politically influenced and hence inaccurate. The birthrate in developing countries is nearly twice that in developed countries. Most humans live in less developed countries, so the world birthrate is near the higher number. The world birthrate is two and a half times the death rate; we are not close to population stabilization. Almost everywhere, the death rate has been drastically reduced; further changes will not massively affect demographic trends. Changes in fertility rate now control population. Demographic data must be corrected for age structure. A young population in a poor country will have a lower death rate than an older population in a richer country. Countries with high birthrates and exploding populations will have a high proportion of children. There are more people in each younger age bracket than in older ones. Many more adolescents will come into reproductive ages than older women will leave fertile ages. Fertility per woman is falling in the world, but, since there are ever more childbearers, the number of children born does not drop. Because of this 'momentum,' it can take over 100 years from when fertility falls to replacement level (~2 children per woman) to when population stabilizes. In developing countries, even though fertility has been reduced, population growth often outstrips economic growth. People may give up on modernization and instead, idealize a return to some imagined past that was glorious.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Censuses
09:48 - Chapter 2. Politics of Census Taking
20:14 - Chapter 3. World Birth and Death Rates
27:51 - Chapter 4. Demographic Age Distribution
43:26 - Chapter 5. Declining Fertility Rates and Population Momentum
57:20 - Chapter 6. Modernization's Window of Opportunity
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
Prior to the Demographic Transition, fertility in northwestern Europe was controlled by limiting marriage. Marriage was regulated by landowners and the churches, and was not allowed unless a man had accumulated the resources necessary to support a family. Long periods of being landless, a servant, or an apprentice, precluded marriage. Once married, there was no control of fertility. But, only about half of adults were married at any given time, so fertility was about half of what it might have been. Eventually, contraception was accepted and fertility within marriage fell. Society no longer needed to control marriage so tightly and marriage rates rose dramatically. The options of marriage, sex and childbearing passed from community control to individual control. The fertility decline occurred very rapidly in Europe, mostly between 1870 and 1930. It has been difficult to prove a socioeconomic basis for the decline. The largest study, The Princeton European Fertility Project, argued that cultural transmission of new social norms was crucial. The Demographic Transition encompassed a ten-fold increase in population, a three-fold increase in life expectancy. It drastically changed the human experience of life.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Fertility Control in Europe
13:41 - Chapter 2. Human Sexuality and Birth Control in Victorian Europe
27:14 - Chapter 3. Individual Empowerment in the Fertility Transition
43:44 - Chapter 4. Explanations for Fertility Transition
58:54 - Chapter 5. Conclusion of Fertility Transition
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
Prior to Malthus, population growth was seen as good for the power and wealth of a country. The rapid population growth of America was crucial in expelling England (via the Revolution) and France (via the Louisiana Purchase) from the US. But in fact, the numbers of the poor were growing in Europe in the 1700s. Malthus argued that poverty was due to an imbalance between people and resources; since population could rise very fast, it could always outstrip any gains in productivity. He did not anticipate an exponential increase in production or a voluntary decrease in fertility. However, Malthus' thinking is still important because high population levels and environmental limitations are in fact problematic today. By the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, mortality was falling in Europe and this caused a population explosion. The productivity gains of the Industrial Revolution were nearly balanced by the increased population; per capita income of the working classes was not much improved. Fertility didn't drop until late in the nineteenth century; per capita income started to grow rapidly. The reason for the fertility decline is not well explained by declining mortality or rising standard of living or any other socioeconomic factor. The mortality and later fertility drop is called the Demographic Transition. The extension of lifespan and the freedom from continual childbearing and child rearing is one of the most important changes ever in what it means to be a human.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Praises of European Population Growth
12:32 - Chapter 2. Malthusian Times
26:59 - Chapter 3. Analysis of Malthus
38:11 - Chapter 4. Historic Population Trends in Europe
45:26 - Chapter 5. Fertility Decline and Stopping
58:10 - Chapter 6. Theories Explaining the Demographic Transition
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
European population grew only slowly during the period 1200-1700; factors include disease and wars. Human feces and rotting animal remains were not sequestered and often contaminated drinking water. Cities were so filthy that more people died in them than were born. About a third of children died in infancy, many from abandonment and lack of care during wet-nursing. Children that survived were subjected to harsh discipline to control their tendency to sin. Ineffective and even harmful treatments, like blood-letting, were all that medicine could offer. Starting with Newton's Principia (1687) and the Enlightenment (eighteenth century), scientific attitudes began replacing religious ones: the biological and physical world became objects of study. Sanitation, hygiene and public health improved. Inoculation and vaccination were developed. The Industrial Revolution began. As death rates fell, population rose. While most believe that an increasing population is good, Malthus worries that population can grow faster than the food supply, trapping people in subsistence misery.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction: Stories about Bride Price
03:27 - Chapter 2. Review of Previous Session: Early Europe
17:30 - Chapter 3. Population Factors: Personal Cleanliness, Infanticide
27:19 - Chapter 4. Historic Misery, Disease, and Medicine
36:55 - Chapter 5. Further Aspects of 'Pre-Scientific' Life
44:38 - Chapter 6. Demographic Transition
01:02:24 - Chapter 7. Malthus
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
In many regions, the central cultural idea is that of a lineage, a family and its line of male ancestors and descendants. The prime duty in these cultures is to keep the lineage going. Religion is small scale with the ancestors performing many of the functions of gods. Denser populations and larger political entities lead to large-scale religion where conformity is stressed and cultural rules are codified in a book and not subject to discussion with the ancestors. In pre-modern Sub-Saharan Africa, land was not limiting, so a maximum number of children was desired. Neither monogamy nor chastity were valued as much as fertility. Families were not nuclear; husbands and wives did not engage in many activities together; children were often raised by other members of the village and women had the responsibility for economic support of the children. In many areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, farming is the work of women. Women often prefer men with resources which leads to polygamy. Women in polygamous relationships form support groups for each other and men enjoy the fruits of several women's labor and children. In temperate regions, the land eventually fills up and the dangers of overpopulation come to the fore. Peasants are miserably poor. Massive epidemics (the Black Death, 1347 and onward) and wars (the Catholic-Protestant wars, 1562-1648) can kill a third of the population.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Demography and Ancestry in Africa
15:13 - Chapter 2. The Importance of Fertility in Africa
27:34 - Chapter 3. Family Structure in Africa
35:25 - Chapter 4. Farm Labor Divisions and Polygamy in Africa
47:38 - Chapter 5. Dealing with Increasing Population Density in Europe
56:35 - Chapter 6. Malthusianism and the Plague
01:05:02 - Chapter 7. Pre Renaissance Life in Europe
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
In addition to cultural controls acting to maximize fertility, there are important, and often competing, interests of individual families to limit fertility. Unwanted births are dealt with by infanticide in many cultures. Additionally, fertility is regularly controlled by limiting marriage within a culture. Another very important factor in population growth, especially in the tropics, is food availability. Heavy rains in the tropics wash nutrients away, leaving deficient soils. Much of Africa is either too dry or too wet. Africa was, until recently, not densely populated. Since land was available and because more children meant more security and power, a culture evolved that emphasized high fertility, justified by the need for descendants to pacify ancestors. Sub-Saharan (tropical) Africa has the highest birth rates in the world. As an example, Niger, just south of the Sahara desert has a fertility rate of almost eight children per woman while, in the Mediterranean zone, Morocco, just north of the Sahara, but also a Sunni Muslim country, has a rate of only 3.3 children per woman.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Review and More on Cultural Controls on Fertility
09:53 - Chapter 2. Individual Level Controls on Fertility
23:28 - Chapter 3. Fertility Control by Controlling Child Bearers
27:53 - Chapter 4. Underpopulation in Africa
36:28 - Chapter 5. Agricultural Productivity in African Tropics
50:43 - Chapter 6. World Agricultural Comparisons
53:34 - Chapter 7. Diseases in Africa and Underpopulation
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
Hunter-gatherer populations were much less dense than later agriculturalists. The variety of their food supply protected them from crop failures and their sparseness reduced the spread of infectious diseases. Hunter-gatherers were healthier and worked less than early agriculturalists. Why didn't their numbers increase up to the same level of Malthusian misery? Their numbers may have been limited by violence between groups. Agriculture is more work intense and offers a less varied diet. Populations seem to grow rapidly and then die out suddenly. Populations are subject to climatic- or disease-caused crop failure. But farming allows individuals to produce a surplus of food that can then be stolen by warrior tribes or military castes. The surplus allows for population growth, cities and stratified societies. The death rate, until perhaps the 1700s in Europe, is enormously high: only approximately a third of women survive to the end of their reproductive period. At this death rate, surviving women who are able to reproduce must have more than six children on average or the society goes extinct. All the great religions and cultures develop in this long period and all stress the requirement for high reproductive rates: "Be fruitful and multiply."
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction to Human Systems: Hunter Gatherers
11:34 - Chapter 2. Hunter Gatherer Demography
23:58 - Chapter 3. Population and the Dawn of Agriculture
31:02 - Chapter 4. Fertility and Mortality for Early Agriculturalists
42:20 - Chapter 5. High Fertility and Culture
49:17 - Chapter 6. Upper Limit of Human Fertility
57:27 - Chapter 7. Limiting Fertility by Culture
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
Throughout prehistoric, written, and recent history, human warfare has been commonplace. Nearly all societies engage in regular or periodic war. In many examples, human warfare has characteristics similar to chimpanzee war: an in-group fights with and kills members of the out-group. This information is not to be misinterpreted as either justifying human violence or considering it inevitable. When it comes to births and fecundity, though, humans are very different from the other great apes. Chimpanzees reproduce once every five to eight years; humans can give birth again within 18 months. It is likely that an increase in male contribution to child rearing allowed this greater fecundity.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction to Human Demography and Violence
09:24 - Chapter 2. Violence in Prehistoric and Primitive Societies
23:37 - Chapter 3. Explanations for Human Violence
29:09 - Chapter 4. Violence in Written Human History
36:08 - Chapter 5. Violence: In-Group Versus Out-Group and Biological Basis
46:45 - Chapter 6. Human Demography: Births
59:26 - Chapter 7. Differences in Fertility Between Humans and Chimpanzees
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
Chimpanzee males compete for position in a dominance hierarchy; status often depends on support from other members, including females, of the group. High ranking males have much greater sexual access to females in estrus. Males control females by physical violence and intimidation. Chimpanzees also engage in purposeful raids to kill members of other chimpanzee groups. This inter-group violence can help explain intra-group violence. To fend off attack from other groups, males must remain in groups and that requires males to compete for mating opportunities within the community. Competition for the scarce resource, eggs, leads to male-male violence and male coercion of females. If the alpha male monopolized all reproductive potential, then evolution would push non-dominant males to either fight continually for dominance or to leave the group and find females elsewhere. The chimpanzee solution is to allow all males some (though very unequal) reproductive possibility.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction and Review of Lecture 1
07:58 - Chapter 2. Sexuality Orangutans
10:44 - Chapter 3. Sex and Violence in Chimpanzees
33:32 - Chapter 4. Sexual and Social Systems of Bonobos
38:01 - Chapter 5. Battering in Humans and Chimpanzees
45:06 - Chapter 6. Jane Goodall and Inter-Group Chimpanzee Violence
59:22 - Chapter 7. More Data on Violence in Chimpanzees
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Global Problems of Population Growth (MCDB 150)
Reproduction is not simple or easy, nor is it fair. Females often bear a larger reproductive burden of child bearing and child rearing. Reproductive strategies can be simplified into two primary strategies for males and two for females: males often either engage in sperm competition or physical competition while females strategize to get resources from males, or to find the best male genes for the offspring. Rape and violence, as reproductive strategies, occur in few species, but violence is especially prevalent among the great apes, probably because eggs are so scarce in these species. In orangutans, rape is common. For gorillas, infanticide is a common form of reproductive violence, and male chimpanzees regularly fight each other and batter females.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
08:19 - Chapter 2. Facts about Sex and Reproduction
20:55 - Chapter 3. Reproductive Competition and Reproductive Strategies
38:24 - Chapter 4. Sexual Coersion, Violence and Rape
45:10 - Chapter 5. Evolution and Sex in the Great Apes
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The final lecture reviews topics discussed in previous lectures by imagining an ideal society. Professor Wargo talks about success stories in land management in the Adirondacks and pesticide regulation, and notes ongoing challenges in food safety, drinking water quality, personal consumption, population control, and the creation of parks and protected areas. He lectures about the fractured nature of environmental management at different levels of government, and the way governmental and corporate secrecy have affected environmental regulation. He ends the lecture with advice for students.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Case Updates on Earth Day; Imagining an Ideal Society
07:53 - Chapter 2. What's Been Successful and Why
17:38 - Chapter 3. Ongoing Challenges
35:34 - Chapter 4. Poverty, Wealth and the Environment; Narrative Advantage
43:16 - Chapter 5. Key to Success: A Few Reflections
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The lecture discusses the various factors affecting the expansion of the U.S. renewable energy portfolio, as well as the importance of energy efficiency and changes to current consumption. As a case study, Professor Wargo discusses the nine-year effort to create Cape Wind, a wind farm off the coast of Massachusetts. The project has faced opposition for a number of reasons, including noise and disruption of use of private property. The lecture ties the development of more renewable energy options to issues of property rights and discusses ways to overcome challenges in siting, in noise pollution, and in the impacts on wildlife (i.e. avian mortality as a result of wind farms).
00:00 - Chapter 1. Renewable Energy: Promise and Plight
11:12 - Chapter 2. Project Siting and Local Concerns
19:09 - Chapter 3. U.S. Wind Capacity & Potential; Key Benefits
23:34 - Chapter 4. Avian Mortality and Noise Pollution; Utility Consumption
29:02 - Chapter 5. The Cape Wind Case: Conflict in the Wind
38:54 - Chapter 6. Comparisons and Conclusions
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The lecture begins a discussion of present and future energy demands and the ways in which we invest in different forms of energy by focusing on nuclear energy use globally. The risks associated with nuclear energy are described, including risk of human error leading to a mass evacuation event, and the challenges faced in finding an adequate nuclear waste storage facility for the United States. Such a facility would be need to be able to store nuclear waste for a million years or more, due to the long half-lives of nuclear waste. The lecture describes the disaster that took place at Chernobyl nuclear plant, and the wide-ranging effects of that disaster on the natural and built environments as well as human health.
00:00 - Chapter 1. The Nuclear Industry by the Numbers
05:37 - Chapter 2. Nuclear Energy's Legal and Regulatory Structures
16:02 - Chapter 3. Nuclear Obstacles: Storage and Proliferation
24:27 - Chapter 4. Chernobyl and Its Aftermath
43:13 - Chapter 5. Relative Risks from Coal-Fired Plants
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The lecture critiques the U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) certification system, LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design). The criteria for being highly rated under LEED emphasize energy efficiency and minimizing waste, but do not prioritize environmental health and limiting use of dangerous plastics and chemicals. USGBC is a non-profit organization, not a government agency, and has employees of for-profit organizations on its board of directors. The lecture discusses the implications of having a non-profit organization run this system and be responsible for evaluating environmental quality in architecture and construction.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Growth, Consumption and Understanding Energy Intensity
15:48 - Chapter 2. Building Codes and Green Certification Programs
24:40 - Chapter 3. New Construction and Renovation Certification
34:38 - Chapter 4. Chemical Contents and Indoor Environmental Quality
40:39 - Chapter 5. Certification and Its Limits on Health and the Environment
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The lecture reviews the legal and economic strategies that can be used to manage coastal development. Over half of the United States population lives in coastal areas and will be affected by sea level rise and more intense storms. The lecture looks at the conflict between property rights and efforts to protect coastal ecosystems through the use of eminent domain to create national seashores. Barrier islands such as Fire Island National Seashore and Cape Cod National Seashore are used as case studies; a variety of strategies have been employed to manage these constantly moving islands. The lecture also discusses the role insurance plays in coastal settlement patterns; changes in insurers' policies in high-risk coastal areas could change the way people settle in coastal regions.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Growth of Coastal Zone Population; Management Strategies
13:26 - Chapter 2. Thinking About Vulnerabilities with Principles of Ecology
19:53 - Chapter 3. The Cape Cod Case: Private Property and Eminent Domain
32:47 - Chapter 4. The Fire Island Case: Carrot and Stick Approach
38:47 - Chapter 5. Additional Pre- and Post-storm Examples; Best Practices
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The lecture addresses the issue of takings and when the government has the right to seize private property for the public good. The government is required to compensate property owners in some circumstances. Through legal cases, Professor Wargo gives some examples of when compensation is required and why takings are an important management tool for environmental managers.
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
00:00 - Chapter 1. Property Rights: Fractured by Law and Custom
12:46 - Chapter 2. Managing Coastal Development and Resources
18:41 - Chapter 3. Surface and Mineral Rights on Public Lands
26:13 - Chapter 4. Nuisance Law; Takings Law
40:21 - Chapter 5. Taking Without Compensation
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The lecture centers on public lands management and the effect of property rights on sustainable resource management. Property rights create a complex set of relationships that complicate effective environmental management. Popular conceptions of wilderness also make it difficult to manage public lands sustainably, since people view wilderness as a place of freedom, without regulation. Managing property rights and people's concept of right to wilderness are the central issues facing natural resource managers and public lands managers. As a result, it is important to consider external forces, such as climate change, that influence one's ability to exercise property rights.
00:00 - Chapter 1. The Question of Authority
09:58 - Chapter 2. Adirondack Pie: Public and Private
19:12 - Chapter 3. Popular Conception and the Paradox of Wilderness
29:19 - Chapter 4. Conflicting Values: The Permit Process
38:18 - Chapter 5. Land Management: Conflicts over Access to Resources
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
By reviewing the conservation history of the Adirondack Park, this lecture examines strategies to manage land use and natural resources in protected areas. The Adirondacks has been protected since the 1880s and became a national park in the 1970s. The government manages the park for a variety of uses, including recreational, ecological, and natural resource-related uses. The multiple uses of the park create conflict amongst stakeholders and require regulations that prevent certain types of development. The lecture reviews regulations and zoning ordinances that protect public lands.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Allocating and Managing Land Use
07:52 - Chapter 2. Curious Conservation History: The Case of the Adirondacks
16:43 - Chapter 3. Multiple Uses, Ineffective Control and Conflict
27:13 - Chapter 4. Ecological Constrains for Land and Resource Development
45:11 - Chapter 5. Who Are the Stakeholders?
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
This lecture continues the previous class's discussion of tobacco law. In this class, Professor Wargo highlights the unique issues of freedom of choice and freedom of speech that tobacco regulation create, as tobacco regulation restricts individual choice and corporate freedom of speech via advertising restrictions. Tobacco law also illustrates the difficulties of managing environmental hazards in the face of an industry with the resources to fund its own research and to fight regulation at every step of the process. The passing of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act in 2009 is held up as a success story in tobacco regulation, as it places stricter standards on tobacco corporations.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Efforts on the Part of the Industry to Understand Nicotine
11:07 - Chapter 2. Tobacco Industry Challenges FDA; Various Settlements
20:24 - Chapter 3. If It's a Drug, Where's the Benefit?
25:25 - Chapter 4. Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act
31:12 - Chapter 5. Control Programs; Mass Media; Science and Industry
37:09 - Chapter 6. Industry Arguments; Environmental and Consumer Group Arguments
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale
Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The lecture explores the development of scientific proof of the harm that tobacco poses to human health and the legal tools used to regulate its use. The government has used warnings, control over advertising, and age restrictions to regulate tobacco. The tobacco industry has been able to complicate efforts to impose stricter regulations on tobacco consumption due to its power in the media due to ad sales and government due to the importance of cigarette sales taxes to state governments.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Tobacco's Legal Paradigm
11:49 - Chapter 2. Targeting and Advertising Trends
21:29 - Chapter 3. Problematic Adoption and Prevalence Rates
25:47 - Chapter 4. An Evolving Legal Framework
37:48 - Chapter 5. Isn't Nicotine a Drug?
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
Plastics are omnipresent but minimally understood and regulated in the United States. The lecture focuses on the dangers that chemicals in plastics pose to human health, particularly via leaching into food and water. Plastics are regulated by the Toxic Substance Control Act, which gives the Environmental Protection Agency the responsibility of testing to ensure that plastics do not adversely affect human health. When plastics can leach into food, the Food and Drug Administration can demand testing. Professor Wargo shows how oversights have led to limited labeling of hazardous plastics, which results in consumers having limited means of protecting themselves from harm.
00:00 - Chapter 1. An Introduction to The Plastics Problem
06:49 - Chapter 2. Plastics: Omnipresent in Everyday Life
33:05 - Chapter 3. Where Does All that Plastic Go?
43:49 - Chapter 4. How Plastics Have Escaped Regulation
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The lecture discusses developments in air quality monitoring and regulation in the United States, with an emphasis on regulating vehicle emissions. Monitoring takes place at fixed points with results being averaged over three years, and this data informs air quality standard setting. Studies have found that this form of monitoring underreports the amount of pollution that children and other susceptible populations (i.e. bus and truck drivers) are exposed to. Professor Wargo details ways in which individuals are exposed to heightened air pollution on a daily basis and the policy responses at the federal, state, and local levels.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Asthma and Its Provenance
19:18 - Chapter 2. Challenges to Monitoring
35:30 - Chapter 3. Federal, State and Local Recommendations
41:21 - Chapter 4. Less-Known Air Quality Problems
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The lecture describes the Clean Air Act and the way the federal government measures air quality as well as improvements in air quality. Professor Wargo reviews challenges in regulating air quality, reasons for lack of adequate enforcement, and approaches to setting ambient air quality standards. The lecture focuses predominantly on vehicle emissions, and the difficulty that regulators face when trying to decrease particulate matter expelled by cars. The public health impacts of poor air quality, particularly in urban areas, are discussed as well.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Challenges to Monitoring and Enforcing the Clean Air Act
12:56 - Chapter 2. Hazardous Air Pollutant Provisions and Vehicle Emissions
31:23 - Chapter 3. Other Sources of Small-Diameter Particles
37:04 - Chapter 4. Widespread Asthma
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
This lecture presents three cases: Bates v. Dow, a lawsuit brought by peanut growers against the producers of a pesticide that degraded their soil; the Alar case, in which environmental organizations and the media successfully pressured EPA to ban a carcinogenic pesticide used on apples; and the Texas Cattlemen's Association's lawsuit against Oprah Winfrey for her coverage of Mad Cow Disease. Using these three cases, Professor Wargo discusses the legal concepts of preemption and defamation. He gives an overview of their origin and use in regulating agriculture and protecting human health and the environment. Through the Texas Cattlemen's Association case, he shows the effect of state "veggie libel" laws on free speech.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction to Legal Concepts: Preemption and Defamation
06:37 - Chapter 2. The Importance of Bates v. Dow
10:53 - Chapter 3. Trade Libel Law: The Alar Case
31:22 - Chapter 4. Veggie Libel Laws and The Chill Effect on Free Speech
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The lecture reviews water law in the United States, and highlights challenges inherent in regulating water quality. Aging water infrastructure, pesticide and herbicide application, and surface water runoff all pose challenges in maintaining a clean drinking water supply. The lecture covers pesticide management through the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). The management of pesticides and herbicides in drinking water has been heavily influenced by the economic concerns of pesticide and herbicide users as well as the municipal water agencies charged with testing water regularly for regulated chemicals. The lecture concludes with the regulation history of atrazine, a commonly used herbicide that research has shown to be hormonally active.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Clean Water: Science and Law
08:23 - Chapter 2. The Safe Drinking Water Act and Its Limits
24:00 - Chapter 3. Mapping Out Atrazine and Its Regulatory History
38:44 - Chapter 4. The Dance of Regulation
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The lecture charts the evolution of pesticide regulation in the United States. The evolution of the management and regulation of pesticides reflects changes in scientific understanding of pesticides as well as changes in human values. As technology allowed for testing of pesticides at smaller and smaller concentrations, restrictions on pesticide use grew. The government's growing understanding of cumulative risk also has led to changes in pesticide testing and regulation.
00:00 - Chapter 1. An Introduction to the Relationship between Risk and Law
06:07 - Chapter 2. Evolution of Food and Pesticide Law: 1906 -- Present
21:44 - Chapter 3. FIFRA Amendments, EPA's Founding and Dietary Diversity
33:54 - Chapter 4. Fractured Science, Fractured Law
40:41 - Chapter 5. Pesticide Law: A Sequence of Changing Regulatory Priorities
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The change from smaller, more diverse farms to larger single-crop farms in the US has led to greater reliance on pesticides for pest management. Other changes as the US food system becomes more commercialized include: increased use of additives, higher food prices, more water and energy consumption for agriculture, and more pesticide residues entering food through processing. Pesticides have also been used to combat insect-borne diseases, like malaria. The lecture provides an overview of relevant food, agriculture, and pesticide law, and covers the changes in pesticide use as scientific knowledge of a given chemical (i.e. DDT) improves.
00:00 - Chapter 1. The Consequences of Centralized Farm Ownership
12:49 - Chapter 2. Key Problems Associated with Food Production
23:32 - Chapter 3. Dominant Statues for Pesticide Control
28:59 - Chapter 4. Malaria Control and the Marketing of DDT
38:52 - Chapter 5. DDT's Effects on the Environmental and Health
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
This lecture covers site restoration law by looking at the US Navy's use of the island of Vieques as weapons testing ground. Vieques residents are filing a civil suit against the US government, which raises issues of burden of proof, scientific certainty with respect to exposure amounts and health impacts, and how the government protects citizens from environmental hazards. Professor Wargo traces the evolution of site restoration law, from the National Environmental Policy Act in 1969 setting the stage for sustainable land use, to Superfund amendments in the late 1980s that mandated more stringent protection of citizens from toxics.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Citizen Suit Provisions in Federal Statues
24:27 - Chapter 2. Sanchez v. United States
34:53 - Chapter 3. Key Questions: Knowledge, Suits, Immunity and Causation
40:14 - Chapter 4. Wilderness Act and Endangered Species Act
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The military's use of the Puerto Rican island of Vieques as a training site is discussed to highlight the challenges involved in identifying and restoring hazardous sites. Political opposition is faced while attempting to get a site recognized as hazardous, deciding how to compensate those affected, and determining an appropriate level of environmental restoration. The recurring theme of government secrecy and its effect on efforts to protect the environment is also covered during this lecture, as the US military is reluctant to allow researchers to examine testing grounds. The reclamation of these sites involves many environmental statutes, including the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), the Endangered Species Act, the Clean Water Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).
00:00 - Chapter 1. Recognizing and Restoring Hazardous Sites
12:25 - Chapter 2. The Problems of Historical Reconstruction at Vieques
19:31 - Chapter 3. Vieques Prior to U.S. Military Takeover
27:04 - Chapter 4. Weaponry and the Island's Changing Landscape
42:15 - Chapter 5. The Consequences of Leasing Out Vieques
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
During this session, Professor Wargo stresses the importance of considering the persistence of pollutants in the environment. He continues the discussion of the Atomic Energy Commission's (AEC) risk management strategies in the wake of nuclear experiments from 1945-1963, and also introduces risk reduction strategies attempted after the nuclear explosion at Chernobyl. These strategies underestimated the persistence of radionuclides in the environment. All of these approaches took place in secret, and these proceedings were only declassified in the 1990s. Governmental secrecy in these cases prevents the public from becoming fully literate about environmental risks and from being able to challenge or test the government's narrative.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Nuclear Experimentation: Bringing the Problem Home
13:06 - Chapter 2. Compensation Schemes
20:28 - Chapter 3. The Troubling Calculus of Medical Experimentation
38:36 - Chapter 4. Key Lessons Thus Far
49:41 - Chapter 5. Concluding Thoughts
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The United States government employed a variety of approaches to protect citizens from danger, including public education, nuclear weapons testing, and gathering data about the effects of nuclear testing. The US government's testing of nuclear weapons at the Bikini Atoll is used as an example of government approaches. Nuclear testing led to ecological devastation, leading the US government to move Bikinians to another island. The case highlights the far-reaching environmental, economic, and health consequences of nuclear weapons testing.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction to Managing Technological Dangers
10:14 - Chapter 2. Expert Deployment to Bikini Island
23:48 - Chapter 3. Developing a Narrative Advantage: Public Education
33:03 - Chapter 4. Returning to Bikini Island: Conflicting Interpretations
40:56 - Chapter 5. Remedies for Those Exposed
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
To illustrate the linkages among national security, secrecy, and environmental quality, Professor Wargo describes the Atomic Energy Commission's nuclear tests in the 1950s. The Atomic Energy Commission collected data on the spread of radionuclides from the nuclear tests, and discovered that the radionuclides were circulating around the world. This process of discovery raised issues regarding ways to manage risks to the population while both continuing the nuclear tests and keeping them secret for national security reasons.
00:00 - Chapter 1. National Security and the Threat to Democratic Participation
05:07 - Chapter 2. A Brief History of Secrecy: 1944 - 1963
22:03 - Chapter 3. The Dose-Response Relationship
29:45 - Chapter 4. Studying Fallout Data
36:52 - Chapter 5. The Narrative Advantage of Secret Holders
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
The United States' fragmented, piecemeal approach to environmental law is presented through the cases that led to the creation of major environmental statutes such as the Clean Water Act and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The variety of federal agencies and levels of government that participate in creating and implementing regulation contribute to the fragmentation of American environmental law. Environmental law seeks to balance the costs of environmental degradation with the economic benefits that companies reap. However, the uncertainty of environmental costs leads to a slow and ineffective regulation process.
00:00 - Chapter 1. A Course About Defining and Solving Problems
04:09 - Chapter 2. The US's Fragmented Approach to Environmental Law
09:22 - Chapter 3. The Central Questions of Environmental Law
30:08 - Chapter 4. A Society with Elaborate Environmental Law
37:33 - Chapter 5. Overview of Cases for the Course
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Environmental Politics and Law (EVST 255)
Professor John Wargo introduces the central question of the course, "Can law shape a sustainable future for ten billion people?" The purpose of the course is to examine the most important U.S. laws adopted over the past forty years, and to evaluate their effectiveness. Lectures will present histories of nuclear experimentation, industrial and organic agriculture, air quality, plastics, wilderness, green building certification, and land use regulation. By the end of the course students will be exposed to diverse statutory and regulatory strategies to prevent pollution, reduce wastes, protect human health, conserve energy, and to protect wild lands.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction: Case Histories; Public and Private Sectors
18:02 - Chapter 2. Course Requirements
19:22 - Chapter 3. Major Course Themes
22:53 - Chapter 4. What is Our Capacity to Manage Environmental Quality?
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2010.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Originally, altruism and self-sacrifice were thought to be incompatible with natural selection, even by Darwin. Now we have several explanations for how altruism can increase an individual's fitness. One is kin selection, or the idea that helping relatives can help increase one's genes in the population. Another involves ecological constraints and punishments. Here, individuals contribute to the group and wait their turn to reproduce.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
01:49 - Chapter 2. Group Selection
07:24 - Chapter 3. Kin Selection
18:19 - Chapter 4. Ecological Constraints and Punishments
22:51 - Chapter 5. Reciprocal Altruism
28:21 - Chapter 6. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Breeding strategies differ both among males and females of the same species as well as among different species. The difference in breeding strategies among members of the same species can usually be linked to frequency dependence. If the species is at evolutionary equilibrium, the relative fitnesses of these different strategies will be identical. Differing strategies have been found at the level of the gamete as well as at the level of different organisms and species.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
03:15 - Chapter 2. Bullfrogs, Figs, and Fig Wasps
12:44 - Chapter 3. Satellites, Mimics, and Pirates
18:00 - Chapter 4. Wrasse: Nesting Males and "Sneaky Copulators"
28:22 - Chapter 5. Gamete Related Behavior
38:35 - Chapter 6. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Mating systems and parental care vary tremendously from species to species. Every species differs in how it protects its young from predators and provides its young with food, if it does so at all. The physical environment as well as behavioral dynamics in intraspecies relationships all influence parental care. Often the mating system, which sex is dominant in mating, and whether fertilization is external or internal will determine much of the process of parental care.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
03:58 - Chapter 2. Different Types of Parental Care and Investment
17:25 - Chapter 3. Relationships between Mating Systems and Parental Care
26:55 - Chapter 4. Social and Reproductive Influences upon Parental Investment
37:05 - Chapter 5. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
The economic concept of game theory can be readily applied to evolution and behavior. By analyzing encounters between organisms as a mathematical "game," important information such as fitness payoffs and the proportions of "strategies" played by each group within a population can be inferred. While oftentimes these games are too simplified to apply directly to actual examples in nature, they are still useful models that help convey important concepts.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
03:58 - Chapter 2. Background to Game Theory
09:49 - Chapter 3. The Hawk-Dove Game
21:43 - Chapter 4. The Prisoner's Dilemma
29:18 - Chapter 5. Contextual Biological Examples
40:48 - Chapter 6. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
There are several ways to examine the behaviors of organisms when they forage or hunt for food or mates. These behaviors become more complex in higher organisms, such as primates and whales, which can hunt in groups. Foragers and hunters have been shown to examine the marginal cost and marginal benefit of continuing an action and then adjust their behaviors accordingly. They are also able to handle risk by hoarding resources.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
05:30 - Chapter 2. The Marginal Value Theorem
12:05 - Chapter 3. Inferring the Fitness Measure Used by Foragers
14:18 - Chapter 4. Dealing with Risk
16:58 - Chapter 5. How Predators Shape Crypsis and Conspicuousness
28:09 - Chapter 6. Hunting in a Group
45:28 - Chapter 7. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
One can look at biodiversity from several perspectives. An ecological point of view tries to determine how necessary diversity is for an ecosystem to function. An economic point of view tries to capture the value of the "services" nature provides for mankind. An evolutionary point of view shows how artificial the human "right" to dominance is. Finally, a personal point of view captures the emotional basis for the values that humans place on biodiversity.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
05:39 - Chapter 2. The Ecological Perspective
11:45 - Chapter 3. The Economic Perspective
21:12 - Chapter 4. The Evolutionary Perspective
26:18 - Chapter 5. The Personal Perspective
33:01 - Chapter 6. What to Do?
45:28 - Chapter 7. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
The movement of matter and energy around the planet is very important, and its study draws on geology, and meterology in addition to chemistry. Energy tends to flow upwards from plantlike producers to herbivores to carnivores before being decomposed by detritovores and cycling back into energy usable by producers, in addition to the photosynthesis or chemosynthesis used by producers to produce energy. Like energy, compounds vital to life such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous flow around the planet in cycles.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
04:04 - Chapter 2. Energy Flow through Ecosystems
20:51 - Chapter 3. Cycles of Materials through Ecosystem Compartments
29:11 - Chapter 4. Biogeochemical Cycles
48:13 - Chapter 5. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Geography is very important in ecology. Two major systems have been designed to model this, island biogeography and metapopulations. The idea of metapopulations is more recent, and has emerged as the dominant theory. Metapopulations are populations in multiple neighboring areas. The population of a species in any individual area may go extinct, but the metapopulation still survives. The theory of metapopulations has gained momentum in recent years because of its applications to epidemiology, the study of diseases.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
06:25 - Chapter 2. Island Biogeography
12:33 - Chapter 3. Critique of Island Biogeography
18:25 - Chapter 4. Metapopulations
32:52 - Chapter 5. Analogy Between Metapopulations and Epidemiology
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
The idea of ecological communities has changed tremendously over the past forty years. The classical view stated that there were so many different species because evolution packed them tightly into the available niches. The modern view emphasizes the idea of trophic cascades, or top-down control in food chains. This emphasized the importance of predation in ecology, although it downplayed the significance of food webs, which showed the interrelated nature of ecosystems better than simple food chains.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
01:45 - Chapter 2. The Classical View
04:42 - Chapter 3. Trophic Cascades
23:08 - happier 4. Community Assembly
37:48 - Chapter 5. Meta-communities
44:26 - Chapter 6. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
The growth of populations is held in check by several factors. These can include predators, food and other resources, and density. Population density affects growth rate by determining how likely is it that an organism will interact with a member of its own species compared to an organism of a different species. Population growth studies rely on the mathematics of logs and exponents.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
03:02 - Chapter 2. The Math of Population Growth
09:15 - Chapter 3. The Effects of Age on Population Growth
16:50 - Chapter 4. Examples of Population Growth
24:31 - Chapter 5. The Effects of Density on Population Growth
39:07 - Chapter 6. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Every species on earth has an environmental range in which it can live. Usually it flourishes in the central portion of this range. Organisms contain a host of adaptations that allow them to manipulate their environments to remain within their preferred range. Plants and animals differ in the nature of these adaptations, which include the control of water, temperature, pH, and ion concentration.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
08:06 - Chapter 2. Thermoregulation
16:33 - Chapter 3. Physiology of Internal Regulation
32:17 - Chapter 4. Evaporative Water Loss in Plants and Animals
43:43 - Chapter 5. Niches
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
This lecture provides an overview of the physical aspects of earth's biomes. Temperature, water, latitude, and altitude all come into play. Regions with similar levels of these climatic features tend to have similar life-forms living there. These same climatic features can also affect weather patterns, which in turn affect life by altering habitats and ecosystems. On a large enough scale, such as El Niño, these weather patterns can affect life all over the earth.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
04:05 - Chapter 2. Physics and Chemistry of Climate
22:01 - Chapter 3. Hurricanes and El Niño
30:37 - Chapter 4. Ocean-Coast Interactions
34:01 - Chapter 5. Biomes of the Earth
39:32 - Chapter 6. Climatic History
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
While there are many differences between modern science and philosophy, there are still a number of lessons in modes of thought that scientists can take from philosophy. Scientists' ideas about the nature of science have evolved over time, leading to new ideas about falsifiability, creativity, revolutions, and the boundaries and limits of what can be accomplished by different types of science.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
05:43 - Chapter 2. The Limits of Scientific Knowledge
12:56 - Chapter 3. Scientific Falsifiability
23:58 - Chapter 4. Scientific Revolutions
30:55 - Chapter 5. Post-Modernism
39:37 - Chapter 6. Creativity
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
There is a distinct possibility that humans are currently part way through an evolutionary transition between individuals and groups. The conflict between these two units of selection and levels of organization, between biology and culture, may explain some of the tensions in modern human life. Examples of selfishness and altruism exemplify how these types of selection act on humans.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
10:27 - Chapter 2. Transitions in Hierarchal Selection
19:18 - Chapter 3. Cooperation and Aggression
27:09 - Chapter 4. Group Norms
35:51 - Chapter 5. Patterns and Differences in Cultures' Selfishness
43:57 - Chapter 6. Redefinition of Social Boundaries
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Evolution plays an important though underutilized role in medicine. Evolution guides how our bodies respond to various treatments, how pathogens will respond to treatments, and how pathogens' responses will change over time. Pathogens oftentimes will evolve to an intermediate level of virulence where they become strong enough to infect a host and reproduce, but not so strong as to kill the host before it can spread the pathogen.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
06:40 - Chapter 2. "Thrifty Phenotypes"
11:36 - Chapter 3. Auto-immune Diseases in Developed and Undeveloped Countries
17:27 - Chapter 4. Treating Auto-immune Diseases
26:20 - Chapter 5. Pathogen Evolution
37:40 - Chapter 6. Virulence
47:16 - Chapter 7. Summary
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Coevolution happens at many levels, not just the level of species. Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts serve as good intracellular examples. Other living things make up a crucial component of an organism's environment. Coevolution can occur in helpful ways (symbiosis) and in harmful ways (parasitism). Many factors can influence coevolution, such the frequency and degree of interaction.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
03:20 - Chapter 2. Definitions of Co-evolution and Intra-organism Analogies
10:37 - Chapter 3. Symbioses and Parasites
19:09 - Chapter 4. Principles of Co-evolution
26:56 - Chapter 5. Coevolutionary Mimics and Models
31:29 - Chapter 6. Coevolutionary Domestication
39:43 - Chapter 7. Consequences of Co-evolution and Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
The fossil record holds a lot of evolutionary information that can't be seen on shorter time scales, although the more recent fossil record is more complete. Among other things, the fossil record demonstrates that extinctions can open up ecological space for new speciation and radiation, and that life forms tend to begin small and evolve to be bigger over time.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
04:18 - Chapter 2. Cambrian Animal Radiation
14:52 - Chapter 3. Plant Radiation and Vertebrates Coming Ashore
24:39 - Chapter 4. Patterns in Radiation of Life
31:46 - Chapter 5. Vanished Communities of Life
40:21 - Chapter 6. Stasis
46:57 - Chapter 7. Summary
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Geology and climate have shaped the development of life tremendously. This has occurred in the form of processes such as the oxygenation of the atmosphere, mass extinctions, tectonic drift, and disasters such as floods and volcanic eruptions. Life, particularly bacteria, has also been able to impact the geological makeup of the planet through metabolic processes.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
02:16 - Chapter 2. The Oxygenation of the Atmosphere
09:08 - Chapter 3. Evidence of Climate Change
17:36 - Chapter 4. Geological Impact on Life
29:37 - Chapter 5. Mass Extinctions
42:19 - Chapter 6. Earthquakes, Eruptions, and Floods
46:38 - Chapter 7. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
We can use methods of genetic analysis to connect phylogenic information to geographical histories. Human migration has left genetic traces on every continent, and allows us to trace our roots back to Africa. Molecular genetic methods allow us to determine whether or not trait states were ancestral, which can have profound implications for fundamental biological ideas.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
02:02 - Chapter 2. The Geography of Human Genetics
12:56 - Chapter 3. Geographical Phylogeny
24:44 - Chapter 4. Independent Contrast
34:21 - Chapter 5. Genetic Diversity and History in Humans
48:14 - Chapter 6. Summary
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
The Tree of Life must be discovered through rigorous analysis. Genetic information is crucial because appearances can be deceiving, and species that look similar can prove to be genetically very dissimilar and not share recent common ancestors. Two criteria, used to determine what the "correct" Tree is, are simplicity and whether the tree maximizes the probability of observing what we actually see.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
04:30 - Chapter 2. Grouping by Common Ancestry
15:11 - Chapter 3. Misleading Analogies
24:43 - Chapter 4. The Process of Phylogenetic Grouping
35:04 - Chapter 5. The Logic of Grouping by Shared Characteristics
42:56 - Chapter 6. Summary
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Speciation is the process through which species diverge from each other and/or from a common ancestor. There are several definitions of species, most of which focus on reproductive isolation and/or phylogenetic similarities. This can cause some controversy. Speciation can result from geographical separation or ecological specialization. There are stages of speciation in which organisms cluster first into distinct populations before finally becoming different species.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
03:38 - Chapter 2. Diversity and How Speciation Happens
17:13 - Chapter 3. Concepts and Criteria of Speciation
26:04 - Chapter 4. The Genetics of Speciation
34:41 - Chapter 5. Mechanics and Examples of Speciation
40:30 - Chapter 6. Experiments, Applications, and Cryptic Species
48:09 - Chapter 7. Summary
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Sexual selection is a component of natural selection in which mating success is traded for survival. Natural selection is not necessarily survival of the fittest, but reproduction of the fittest. Sexual dimorphism is a product of sexual selection. In intersexual selection, a sex chooses a mate. In intrasexual selection, individuals of one sex compete among themselves for access to mates. Often honest, costly signals are used to help the sex that chooses make decisions.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
06:53 - Chapter 2. Competing and Choosing
13:11 - Chapter 3. Competition with Sexual Dimorphism
27:29 - Chapter 4. Honest, Costly Signaling
35:55 - Chapter 5. Selection through Perception and Polyandry
43:35 - Chapter 6. Summary
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Sex allocation is an organism's decision on how much of its reproductive investment should be distributed to male and female functions and/or offspring. Under most conditions, the optimal ratio is 50:50, but that can change under certain circumstances. Sex allocation determines what sexes sequential hermaphrodites should be at each part of their life as well as how simultaneous hermaphrodites should behave. Some species have more control over the sexes of their offspring than others, and adjust the sex ratios of their offspring depending on the environment and conditions.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
02:16 - Chapter 2. Shaw-Mohler and Male-Female Fitness Equivalency
10:00 - Chapter 3. Sex Ratios
18:39 - Chapter 4. Sequential Hermaphrodites
32:44 - Chapter 5. Sex Assignment in Offspring
43:48 - Chapter 6. Summary and Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Life history covers three main classes of traits in organisms: age and size at maturity, number and size of offspring, and lifespan and reproductive investment. Organisms must make tradeoffs among these traits that typically cause them to come to evolutionary equilibrium at intermediate values. Life history traits are evolutionary solutions to the ecological problems of the risk of mortality and the acquisition of food, and they are expressed in reaction norms that determine the particular traits that an organism will exhibit when its genes encounter a specific environment during development.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
04:53 - Chapter 2. Life History and the History of Ideas
08:56 - Chapter 3. Age and Size at Maturity
23:38 - Chapter 4. Size and Number of Babies
31:49 - Chapter 5. Lifespan and Aging
42:32 - Chapter 6. Summary
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Genomic conflict arises when the interests of various genomic elements, such as chromosomes and cytoplasmic organelles, are not aligned. These conflicts arise in two situations: either when one unit is contained within another, as a mitochondrion is contained within a cell, or when inheritance is asymmetrical. Genomic conflict can thus occur within a cell, within an organism, or between two organisms, such as a mother and developing fetus. There have been several steps taken to avoid these conflicts in sexual species, including the fairness of meiosis and the uniparental inheritance of cytoplasmic genomes.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
01:46 - Chapter 2. Hierarchal Selection and Conflicts
14:44 - Chapter 3. Segregation Distortion
20:26 - Chapter 4. Reproductive Conflicts
36:17 - Chapter 5. Reproductive Conflict and Mental Disorders
42:57 - Chapter 6. Evolutionary Principles of Conflict Resolution
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
There are several explanations for the evolution of sex and its continued prevalence. One is facilitating the spread of helpful mutations while hastening the removal of harmful ones. Another is expediting resistance against pathogens. Sex does have several costs compared to asex, such as only giving half your genome to offspring, having to find mates, and the risk of predation and STDs. Overall, the benefits outweigh the costs and sex has a firm hold on the majority of the recent branches of the tree of life.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
08:54 - Chapter 2. The Traditional View on Sex’s Existence
13:38 - Chapter 3. The Costs of Sex
28:02 - Chapter 4. Recombination
38:25 - Chapter 5. Pathogens and Parasites
44:54 - Chapter 6. Modern Asexuality and Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Reaction norms depict the range of phenotypes a single genotype can produce, depending on the environment. Reaction norms must fit within an organism's phylogenetic constraints. They can differ for different individuals within a population, but some traits differ very little based on the environment; some do not differ at all.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
03:22 - Chapter 2. Reaction Norms
12:10 - Chapter 3. Reaction Norms in Populations
23:42 - Chapter 4. Developmental Constraints on Reaction Norms
36:23 - Chapter 5. Benefits and Limitations of Studying Reaction Norms
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Development is responsible for the complexity of multicellular organisms. It helps to map the genotype into the phenotype expressed by the organism. Development is responsible for ancient patterns among related organisms, and many structures important to development shared by many life forms have changed little over hundreds of millions of years. Development is expressed combinatorially, allowing a relatively small amount of genetic information to be expressed in many different ways.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
03:17 - Chapter 2. Structures of Development
11:04 - Chapter 3. Development and the Diversity of Life
20:21 - Chapter 4. The Control of Development
25:09 - Chapter 5. "Boxes" (Transcription Factors)
38:42 - Chapter 6. The Big Picture and Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Mutations are the origin of genetic diversity. Mutations introduce new traits, while selection eliminates most of the reproductively unsuccessful traits. Sexual recombination of alleles can also account for much of the genetic diversity in sexual species. In some instances, population size can affect diversity and rates of evolution and fixation, but in other cases population size does not matter.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
05:32 - Chapter 2. Mutation rates
13:57 - Chapter 3. Recombination
20:43 - Chapter 4. Genetic Variation in Humans
26:52 - Chapter 5. The Maintenance of Genetic Variation
47:03 - Chapter 6. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Genetics controls evolution. There are four major genetic systems, which are combinations of sexual/asexual and haploid/diploid. In all genetic systems, adaptive genetic change tends to start out slow, accelerate in the middle, and occur slowly at the end. Asexual haploids can change the fastest, while sexual diploids usually change the slowest. Gene frequencies in large populations only change if the population undergoes selection.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
05:45 - Chapter 2. History of Genetics
10:57 - Chapter 3. Different Genetic Systems
20:45 - Chapter 4. Math of Genetics
40:42 - Chapter 5. Rates of Change in Different Genetic Types
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Neutral evolution occurs when genes do not experience natural selection because they have no effect on reproductive success. Neutrality arises when mutations in an organism's genotype cause no change in its phenotype, or when changes in the genotype bring about changes in the phenotype that do not affect reproductive success. Because neutral genes do not change in any particular direction over time and simply "drift," thanks in part to the randomness of meiosis, they can be used as a sort of molecular clock to determine common ancestors or places in the phylogenetic tree of life.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
04:56 - Chapter 2. Genes and Amino Acid Changes Not Reflected in Phenotypes
14:29 - Chapter 3. Neutral Evolution in the History of Life
20:38 - Chapter 4. Mechanisms of Neutral or Random Evolution
35:28 - Chapter 5. The Molecular Clock of Neutral Evolution
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Adaptive Evolution is driven by natural selection. Natural selection is not "survival of the fittest," but rather "reproduction of the fittest." Evolution can occur at many different speeds based on the strength of the selection driving it. These types of selection can result in directional, stabilizing, and disruptive outcomes. They can be driven by frequency-dependent selection and sexual selection, in addition to more standard types of selection.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
02:36 - Chapter 2. Strength of Selection and the Speed of Evolution
24:06 - Chapter 3. Why Evolution Can Be Slow
30:50 - Chapter 4. Types of Selection
42:01 - Chapter 5. Large Scale Selection
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
Genetic transmission is the mechanism that drives evolution. DNA encodes all the information necessary to make an organism. Every organism's DNA is made of the same basic parts, arranged in different orders. DNA is divided into chromosomes, or groups of genes, which code for proteins. Asexually reproducing organisms reproduce using mitosis, while sexually reproducing organisms reproduce using meiosis. Both these mechanisms involve duplication of DNA, which then gets passed to offspring. RNA is a key component in the duplication of DNA.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
01:29 - Chapter 2. Structure of DNA and Genetic Material
12:51 - Chapter 3. DNA Replication and Its Implications
25:56 - Chapter 4. Mendel's Laws
33:08 - Chapter 5. Mutations and Their Consequences
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Principles of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior (EEB 122)
The lecture presents an overview of evolutionary biology and its two major components, microevolution and macroevolution. The idea of evolution goes back before Darwin, although Darwin thought of natural selection. Evolution is driven by natural selection, the correlation between organism traits and reproductive success, as well as random drift. The history of life goes back approximately 3.7 billion years to a common ancestor, and is marked with key events that affect all life.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
03:22 - Chapter 2. History of Evolutionary Studies
15:59 - Chapter 3. Conditions for Natural Selection
21:25 - Chapter 4. The Power of Selection and Adaptation
27:09 - Chapter 5. Drift
31:10 - Chapter 6. History of Life
39:33 - Chapter 7. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2009.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
In this final lecture, Professor Saltzman talks about artificial organs, with a stress on synthetic biomaterials. First, the body's responses (immunological and scar healing responses) to foreign materials are introduced. This leads to discussion of different types of polymer/plastic materials (i.e., Dacron and GORE-TEX) and their properties. Next, Professor Saltzman talks about the design and function of some artificial organs, such as lens implants, heart valves and vessels, hip, dialyzer, heart/lung bypass machine, and the artificial heart. Lastly, challenges and areas for improvement in the field are presented.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction to Biomaterials
03:15 - Chapter 2. Polymers
15:50 - Chapter 3. Threat of Coagulation and Clotting
22:22 - Chapter 4. Physical Responses to Biomaterials
27:41 - Chapter 5. Joint Replacement Using Biomaterials
38:01 - Chapter 6. Dialysis
43:51 - Chapter 7. Artificial Organs and Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman uses cancer diagnosis and treatment as an example to demonstrate the some applications of biomedical engineering technologies and methods. Some issues involved in cancer treatment, such as tumor angiogenesis, radiation sensitivity, drug localization, and cancer stem cells are mentioned. Next, he describes the phases (I-IV), in compliance to guidelines enforced by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which a new drug compound must go through to gain approval prior to public distribution/sale. Finally, Professor Saltzman draws attention to the areas that biomedical engineers may contribute to, to improve this process.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction to Cancer
03:56 - Chapter 2. Cancer Epidemiology and Biology
16:25 - Chapter 3. Detection of Cancer
23:45 - Chapter 4. Cancer Treatment Options
34:46 - Chapter 5. New Drug Developments in Chemotherapy
38:53 - Chapter 6. Technical and Economic Difficulties of Cancer Drug Research
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
In this lecture, Professor Saltzman continues his discussion of tissue engineering, and its role in facilitating healing, tissue regeneration, organ replacement, drug delivery and as model for studying human physiology. Specific examples from current research by scientists at Yale are used to illustrate some of these points and to highlight the current progress in the field. Some examples are generating neo-tissues from hydrogel scaffold seeded with cells, healing spinal cords and controlling mechanical properties of newly grown blood vessels with external conditions.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
02:28 - Chapter 2. Tissue Engineering for Replacement of Diseased Tissues
13:30 - Chapter 3. Synthetic Materials in Tissue Engineering
23:13 - Chapter 4. In Vitro Cultivation of Replacement Blood Vessels
32:19 - Chapter 5. Tissue Engineering in Control of Drug Delivery
39:54 - Chapter 6. Summary and Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman motivates the need for tissue engineering, and describes the basic elements of the tissue engineering approach. Professor Saltzman defines three different types of tissue transplants: autografts, allografts, and xenografts. An online resource for organ donors/recipients is presented, which stresses the great need for donors, and the important contribution of tissue engineering in producing/growing organs that can be used for this purpose. Next, Professor Saltzman compared drug and gene therapy, and discusses the use of stem cell in tissue engineering for wound healing. The need for compatible biomaterials to support growth and differentiation of stem cells into functional organ is also highlighted.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction to Tissue Engineering
06:15 - Chapter 2. Challenges in Organ Transplantation
17:37 - Chapter 3. Cell Culturing in Tissue Engineering
32:34 - Chapter 4. Tissue Engineering in the Regulation of Healing Processes
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman continues his discussion of biomedical imaging technology. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is introduced as an alternate form of imaging, which does not use ionizing radiation yet can provide detailed structure of the body. Functional MRI (fMRI) has a different application from traditional MRI. It can be used to measure oxygen consumption (tissue metabolic rate), and is an important tool in deciphering brain function. Third, ultrasound imaging is another imaging technique that can detect motion by translating sound wave reflections into structural images at fast timescale. Finally, examples of nuclear imaging and advances in light microscopy are discussed.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
05:04 - Chapter 2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
25:12 - Chapter 3. fMRI
31:32 - Chapter 4. Ultrasound Imaging
44:23 - Chapter 5. Nuclear Medicine
49:56 - Chapter 6. Optical Imaging and Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman first reviews the electromagnetic spectrum, the different regimes of the spectrum, their respective wavelengths, energies, and ways of detecting them. He then talks about the use of high energy radio waves for imaging of the body. The history, components, advantages and limitations of X-ray imaging are presented in detail. Next, he introduces Computed Tomography, a related imaging technique which uses mathematical computation to compile line-scanned X-rays into a three dimensional image. Finally, Professor Saltzman touches on harmful effects of X-ray radiation, and ways to limit or avoid overexposure in these imaging techniques.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction to Biomedical Imaging
05:26 - Chapter 2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
13:29 - Chapter 3. X-Rays
24:39 - Chapter 4. Challenges of X-Ray Imaging
30:41 - Chapter 5. CT Imagery
37:02 - Chapter 6. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman begins the lecture with discussion of the importance of motion for the survival and propagation of any living species. He presents the different modes of motion, taking first the example flight to talk about force balance, such as the magnitude of propulsive force that must be generated overcome drag to produce forward motion. Next, the mechanics of walking, running, cycling and swimming is discussed, with emphasis on efficient use of energy, overcoming drag and friction, and the influence of organism shape and size. An equation to calculate drag force of a spherical object of radius, r, moving at velocity, v, in a medium with viscosity, μ, is introduced: Fd = 6πvμr. Finally, Professor Saltzman talks about design of the artificial hip, which biomedical engineers must take into consideration the biomechanics and natural function of the pelvic bone.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction to Locomotion
09:10 - Chapter 2. The Mechanics of Flight
18:28 - Chapter 3. The Physics of Walking
26:53 - Chapter 4. Efficiencies of Walking, Running, Cycling
37:56 - Chapter 5. Mechanics and Efficiency of Swimming
45:04 - Chapter 6. Design in Biomechanics and Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman introduces the material properties of elasticity and viscosity. He describes two separate experimental setups to measure the elasticity and the viscosity of a material. Material elasticity can be defined in terms of stress-strain property, and defines the Young's modulus (E), which is the slope of the stress-strain curve. Fluid viscosity, on the other hand, is described by shear stress. When modeling any material, the spring can be used to represent an ideal elastic material and the dashpot an ideal viscoelastic material. All biomaterials contain some combination of these properties and can be described by physical models that consist of both spring and dashpot.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
03:16 - Chapter 2. An Experiment on Elasticity
18:20 - Chapter 3. Viscosity
28:46 - Chapter 4. Deformation and Viscoelasticity
42:13 - Chapter 5. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman continues his description of nephron anatomy, and the specific role of each part of the nephron in establishing concentration gradients to help in secretion and reabsorption of water, ions, nutrients and wastes. A number of molecular transport processes that produces urine from the initial ultra-filtrate, such as passive diffusion by concentration difference, osmosis, and active transport with sodium-potassium ATPase, are listed. Next, Professor Saltzman describes a method to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using tracer molecule, inulin. He then talks about regulation of sodium, an important ion for cell signaling in the body, as an example to demonstrate the different ways in which nephrons maintain homeostasis.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
03:06 - Chapter 2. The Role of the Nephron in Ion Balance
16:54 - Chapter 3. The Glomerular Filtration Rate
26:21 - Chapter 4. Selective Reabsorption
39:51 - Chapter 5. Water Balance and Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman introduces the basic concepts of renal physiology. Professor Saltzman first introduces the function and anatomy of the kidney. Special attention is given to the cell types and structural aspect of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. Filtration, secretion of toxic waste, and reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients through the glomerulus and various segments of the nephrons is discussed in detail. Finally, Professor Saltzman describes glomerular filtration rate as a function of pressure drop, which is regulated by afferent and efferent arterioles, to control how much volume being filtered through glomerulus.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction to Renal Physiology
04:53 - Chapter 2. Structure and Function of Kidneys
15:52 - Chapter 3. Mechanisms of Renal Functions
29:32 - Chapter 4. Process of Renal Filtration
47:11 - Chapter 5. The Role of Pressure in Filtration and Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman talks about electrical conductivity in the heart: that is, the generation and propagation of electrical potential in heart cells. He describes the role of ion channels and pumps in transporting sodium, potassium, and calcium ions to create action potential. This propagation of signal from the sinoatrial node through different tissues, which can be replaced by a pacemaker, eventually stimulates contraction of muscle fibers throughout the heart. Next, he describes the electrocardiograph and how each wave trace corresponds to the events caused by depolarization/repolarization of different heart tissues.
00:00 - Chapter 1. The Lipid Membrane and Electric Potential
08:02 - Chapter 2. Creation of Action Potential
15:50 - Chapter 3. Electrophysiological Differences Between Nervous System and Heart
22:43 - Chapter 4. The Cardiac Conduction System
26:46 - Chapter 5. The Heartbeat and EKG
40:35 - Chapter 6. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman describes the blood flow through the systemic and pulmonary circulatory system. More specifically, he describes, with the help of diagrams, the events that lead to blood flow in the body as a function of contraction/relaxation by specific chambers of the heart, and the effect of four valves which help direct flow. Important terms and concepts such as systole/diastole pressures, cardiac output (CO) as a function of heart rate (HR) and ejection volume (EV), and the action potential propagation that stimulates heart muscle contraction are discussed.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Review of Heart Anatomy and Physiology
04:13 - Chapter 2. Valves and the Generation of Pressure
15:26 - Chapter 3. The Cardiac Cycle
36:57 - Chapter 4. The Cardiac Conduction System and Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman discusses the biophysics of the circulatory system. He begins by describing the anatomy of different types of blood vessels, and states the relationship between pressure difference (ΔP) as the driving force for fluid flow (Q) in a tube (i.e., blood vessel) with some resistance R (ΔP = RQ). R can be calculated using if dimensions of the tube (L, r) and fluid viscosity (μ) are known: R = 8μL/πr4. Next, Professor Saltzman traces the blood flow through the circulatory system and explains how the body can regulate blood flow to specific regions of the body. Finally, he describes the heart and its function as the pressure generator in the system.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
03:46 - Chapter 2. The Heart in the Circulatory System
15:42 - Chapter 3. Blood Flow and Pressure
45:03 - Chapter 4. Blood Flow Within the Closed Circulatory System
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman reviews the pharmacokinetic first-order rate equation that can be used to model changes in drug concentration in the blood, as well as its derivation from the law of conservation of mass. The importance of maintaining a drug concentration that is sufficient for therapeutic purpose, but below a toxic level, is emphasized. Since this is directly affected by drug administration method, ways to localize and sustain therapeutic concentrations of drug, such as incorporating in slow-releasing, biocompatible polymers are introduced. Professor Saltzman gave some examples of clinical applications of controlled release drug delivery system, such as anti-restenosis drug incorporated into stents, and chemotherapeutic drugs in brain implants and microspheres.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Model for Injected Drug Delivery
08:42 - Chapter 2. Model for Oral Drug Delivery
16:10 - Chapter 3. Drug as Implant: Potentials and Limits
38:46 - Chapter 4. Accessibility of New Drug Delivery Methods
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman starts the lecture with an introduction to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Professor Saltzman talks about the concept of dose-response. He introduces different routes of drug administration and how they affect drug distribution and bioavailability (i.e., intravenous, oral, and sublingual routes). First-pass drug metabolism by the liver is also identified as an important source of drug degradation. Finally, modeling the body as a well-stirred vessel, Professor Saltzman explains the first-order rate equation: C = (M0/V)*e-kt, that can be used calculate the amount of drug in the body (M) as a function of time (t) and a rate constant (k); and the equation for drug half-life: t = ln(2/k).
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction to Drug Delivery
07:13 - Chapter 2. Relationships Between Drug Dosage and Biological Response
12:21 - Chapter 3. Injections for Drug Delivery
28:47 - Chapter 4. Oral Drug Delivery
41:25 - Chapter 5. Drug Bioavailability
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman continues his presentation on the topic of vaccine. First, Professor Saltzman describes the host immune response to pathogen recognition, in terms of immunoglobulin release, T-cell activation, and memory cell production. The production, distribution, and challenges involved in making of the Salk polio vaccine and the modern, oral polio vaccine are discussed. Professor Saltzman then talks about the range of bioengineering approaches that can be used to produce vaccine: attenuated, subunit, and DNA-based. Finally, a life-intervention cost analysis (cost of technology per human life saved) for vaccine was compared to other policies to further emphasize the impact of vaccine on improving public health worldwide.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Mechanism of Vaccination
10:40 - Chapter 2. Boosters and Antibodies
18:54 - Chapter 3. History of the Polio Vaccine
35:01 - Chapter 4. Molecular, Clinical, and Economic Limitations of Vaccination
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman talks about the importance of vaccines, and particularly the role of bioengineering in vaccine development. He first addresses the question of "what is a vaccine" and the role of the immune system. He then describes the biological basis, symptoms, and history of smallpox as a devastating disease worldwide, and how--starting with the work of Edward Jenner--an effective vaccine was systematically developed from cow lesions. Next, methods to deliver vaccine to a wide population are introduced. Finally, Professor Saltzman touches on the possible reemergence of smallpox as weapon for bioterrorism.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
04:42 - Chapter 2. Vaccine
13:56 - Chapter 3. Smallpox and History of Early Vaccine Development
29:05 - Chapter 4. History of Modern Smallpox Vaccinations
41:27 - Chapter 5. Threat of Bioterrorism and Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman continues his discussion of cell communication in the body, extending the description to the nervous and immune system. Professor Saltzman describes the mode of signal transmission in neurons: action potential in the axon, and neurotransmitter release at the synaptic cleft. He also introduces elements of the innate and adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system is presented as a host/foreign antigen recognition system involving immune cells (T, B, and macrophages), antibodies, and the major histocompatibility complex 1 and 2. Immune response by cytotoxic T cells, T helper cells, and B cells to antigen recognition are discussed in detail.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Overview of the Nervous System
05:28 - Chapter 2. Cell Communication in the Nervous System
22:18 - Chapter 3. Overview of the Immune System
28:26 - Chapter 4. Immune System Responses against Foreign Hosts
40:24 - Chapter 5. Cytotoxic T-Cells and Antibodies
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman talks about cell communication, specifically ligand-receptor interactions that are important in maintaining homeostasis in the body. Different types of receptors and ligands, the nature of their interactions and ways to apply this into developing drugs are discussed (eg. Aldopa, Taximofen, beta-blockers). Next, Professor Saltzman talks about kinases, phosphatases, cyclic AMP and the mechanism of switching protein states. Three categories of cell communication signals are introduced: autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine. Finally, an example of cell communication using regulation/response to blood sugar level is presented.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Overview of Cell Communication
07:39 - Chapter 2. Mechanisms of Cell Communication
16:27 - Chapter 3. Agonists and Antagonists
21:31 - Chapter 4. Receptors
28:02 - Chapter 5. Protein Signal Transduction
34:54 - Chapter 6. Autocrines, Paracrines, Endocrines
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman describes the processes of fertilization and embryogenesis. Professor Saltzman then talks about the definition and classification of different types of stem cells, where stem cells are found in the body, and the potential for use of stem cells in treating diseases. Some challenges in this type of therapy are also discussed. Finally, Professor Saltzman introduces the exponential equation for cell growth, dX/dt = eμt, and the concept of cell "doubling time."
00:00 - Chapter 1. Fertilization and Early Development
11:50 - Chapter 2. Development of Stem Cells
23:26 - Chapter 3. Results of Differentiation
36:52 - Chapter 4. Stem Cell Lineage
44:26 - Chapter 5. Cell Proliferation
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman reviews the concept of gene therapy, and gives some examples of where this is applied. Methods to help deliver DNA into cells using viruses and cationic lipids are discussed, as a way to overcome some challenges in gene therapy. Next, Professor Saltzman gives a brief introduction into bacterial and mammalian cell physiology. He describes the different tissues in the body, the cell development/differentiation process, the anchorage dependence of mammalian cells that allows them to form an organism, and the extracellular matrix.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Applications of Gene Transfer
06:40 - Chapter 2. Gene Therapy
14:45 - Chapter 3. Potentials and Limits of Hijacking Viruses
22:28 - Chapter 4. Bacterial and Human Cell Physiology
33:43 - Chapter 5. Cellular Division
38:42 - Chapter 6. Cell Differentiation
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman continues his presentation on DNA technology by discussing control of gene expression using two methods of RNA silencing: anti-sense therapy and RNA interference. Molecular cloning techniques to mass-produce proteins using plasmid, restriction enzymes, ligase, and antibiotic selection in bacteria are discussed. Steps and molecules involved in polymerase chain reaction are also described. Professor Saltzman explains how to detect mutations in genomic DNA, such as in sickle cell anemia patients, by gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting. Finally, he gives an example of inducing and controlling insulin expression in large animals by cloning into their genome the insulin gene with the lac promoter.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
01:29 - Chapter 2. Mechanisms of Limiting Gene Expression
11:30 - Chapter 3. Plasmids
21:35 - Chapter 4. Restriction Enzymes
33:34 - Chapter 5. Polymerase Chain Reaction
38:28 - Chapter 6. Applications of PCR
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman introduces the elements of molecular structure of DNA such as backbone, base composition, base pairing, and directionality of nucleic acids. He describes the processes of DNA synthesis, transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational processing required to make a protein such as insulin from its genetic code (DNA). Professor Saltzman describes the genetic code. RNA interference is also discussed as a way to control gene expression, which can be applied as a new way to treat diseases.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
01:35 - Chapter 2. Building Blocks of DNA
11:17 - Chapter 3. Structure of DNA and RNA
24:16 - Chapter 4. Central Dogma and DNA Synthesis
35:15 - Chapter 5. Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis
41:55 - Chapter 6. Control of Gene Expression
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Class begins with discussion of students' answers to the two questions given as assignment in the previous lecture. Professor Saltzman talks about the basic concept of biomedical engineering and two separate aspects of it: gaining better understanding of human physiology and developing ways to improve human health. He then introduces the term homeostasis, and talks about parameters that are involved in controlling this state. Finally, the structure of the phospholipid is discussed and how it constitutes the cell membrane.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Biomedical Engineering Today
08:00 - Chapter 2. Future of Biomedical Engineering
17:21 - Chapter 3. "That's Biomedical Engineering?!"
29:09 - Chapter 4. Basic Concepts in Physiology
38:26 - Chapter 5. Lipids and Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering (BENG 100)
Professor Saltzman introduces the concepts and applications of biomedical engineering, providing an overview of the course syllabus, reading materials for lecture and labs and grading logistics. Various pictures are shown to highlight the current application of biomedical engineering technologies in daily life (eg. chest x-ray, PET scan, operating room, gene chip, transport). Next, living standards and medical technologies of the past and present are compared to point out the impact of biomedical engineering as well as areas for improvement in the field. Finally, Professor Saltzman draws references from the poem "London Bridge" to illustrate some societal issues in making materials and devices in biomedical engineering.
00:00 - Chapter 1. Introduction
02:36 - Chapter 2. Biomedical Engineering in Everyday Life
18:43 - Chapter 3. A Brief History of Engineering
22:58 - Chapter 4. Biomedical Engineering in Disease Control
31:09 - Chapter 5. Course Overview and Logistics
39:23 - Chapter 6. Conclusion
Complete course materials are available at the Open Yale Courses website: http://open.yale.edu/courses
This course was recorded in Spring 2008.
Hank wraps up the Crash Course on ecology by taking a look at the growing fields of conservation biology and restoration ecology, which use all the kung fu moves we've learned about in the past eleven weeks and apply them to protecting ecosystems and to cleaning up the messes that we've already made.
Like Crash Course: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow Crash Course: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Types of Diversity 3:00
2) Conservation Biology 4:12
A) Small Population Conservation 4:26
B) Declining Population Conservation 5:50
3) Restoration Ecology 7:06
A) Structural Restoration 7:30
B) Bioremediation 7:48
C) Biological Augmentation 8:03
References and image licenses for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-3DIH Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank talks about the last major way humans are impacting the environment in this penultimate episode of Crash Course Ecology. Pollution takes many forms - from the simplest piece of litter to the more complex endocrine distruptors - and ultimately, humans are responsible for it all.
Like Crash Course: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow Crash Course: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
T*mbl Crash Course: http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Table of Contents
1) Natural Compounds 01:12:1
a) Carbon 01:35
b) Nitrogen and Phosphorous 02:11:2
c) Cyanide 04:05
d) Mercury 05:15
e) Sulfur & Nitrogen Dioxide 05:58
2) Synthetic Compounds 06:51
a) Endocrine Disruptors 07:09
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-3wpP Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank describes the desperate need many organisms have for nutrients (specifically nitrogen and phosphorus) and how they go about getting them via the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles.
Like Crash Course! http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow Crash Course! http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
Nitrogen Cycle 1:46
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria 2:32
Nitrifying Bacteria 3:24
Denitrifying Bacteria 4:34
Phosphorous Cycle 5:16
Lithosphere 5:27
Plants 5:56
Animals 5:56
Decomposers 5:56
Aquatic & Marine Ecosystems 6:24
Sedimentation & Weathering 6:55
Synthetic Fertilizers 7:23
References and image licenses for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-3fDT Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank introduces us to biogeochemical cycles by describing his two favorites: carbon and water. The hydrologic cycle describes how water moves on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, driven by energy supplied by the sun and wind. The carbon cycle does the same... for carbon!
Like Crash Course: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow Crash Course: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Hydrologic Cycle - 1:15
A) Clouds - 2:13
B) Runoff - 3:06
C) Oceans - 3:41
D) Evapotranspiration - 4:25
2) Carbon Cycle - 5:12
A) Plants - 5:48
B) Fossil Fuels - 6:40
C) Oceans - 7:12
D) Global Warming - 7:35
References and image licenses for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-3flG Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank brings us to the next level of ecological study with ecosystem ecology, which looks at how energy, nutrients, and materials are getting shuffled around within an ecosystem (a collection of living and nonliving things interacting in a specific place), and which basically comes down to who is eating who.
Like Crash Course! http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow Crash Course! http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Defining Ecosystems 0:49:1
2) Trophic Structure 4:44:1
a) Primary Producers 5:27
b) Primary Consumers 5:41
c) Secondary Consumers 5:49:1
d) Tertiary Consumers 5:58:2
e) Detrivores 6:08:1
3) Bioaccumulation 8:47
References and image licenses for this episode in the Google doc here: http://dft.ba/-3f2M Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank brings us to the next level of ecological study with ecosystem ecology, which looks at how energy, nutrients, and materials are getting shuffled around within an ecosystem (a collection of living and nonliving things interacting in a specific place), and which basically comes down to who is eating who.
Like Crash Course! http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow Crash Course! http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Defining Ecosystems 0:49:1
2) Trophic Structure 4:44:1
a) Primary Producers 5:27
b) Primary Consumers 5:41
c) Secondary Consumers 5:49:1
d) Tertiary Consumers 5:58:2
e) Detrivores 6:08:1
3) Bioaccumulation 8:47
References and image licenses for this episode in the Google doc here: http://dft.ba/-3f2M Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
In the world of ecology, the only constant is change - but change can be good. Today Hank explains ecological succession and how ecological communities change over time to become beautiful, biodiverse mosaics.
Like Crash Course on Facebook! http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow Crash Course on Twitter! http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1. Primary Succession 1:56:1
2. Secondary Succession 3:36
3. Climax Community Model 5:11
4. Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis 7:25:1
References and image licenses for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-381q Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank gets to the more violent part of community ecology by describing predation and the many ways prey organisms have developed to avoid it.
Like SciShow: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Follow SciShow: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Herbivory and Parasitism 1:43
Predatory Adaptation 3:39
Cryptic Coloration 4:25
Mullerian Mimicry 5:43
Batesian Mimicry 6:38
References and image licenses for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-37Ki
Thanks to the Boone and Crockett Club for letting us film the introduction to this video in their headquarters here in Missoula: http://www.boone-crockett.org/....about/about_headquar Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Interactions between species are what define ecological communities, and community ecology studies these interactions anywhere they take place. Although interspecies interactions are mostly competitive, competition is pretty dangerous, so a lot of interactions are actually about side-stepping direct competition and instead finding ways to divvy up resources to let species get along. Feel the love?
Like CrashCourse! http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse! http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Competitive Exclusion Principle 2:02
2) Fundamental vs. Realized Niche 3:48
3) Eco-lography / Resource Partitioning 5:25
4) Character Displacement 7:29
5) Mutualism 9:15
6) Commensalism 9:55
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2YuA
crashcourse, ecology, biology, competition, evolution, survival, habitat, species, interaction, communities, community ecology, resource, animal, limiting factors, competitive exclusion principle, success, paramecium, competitive advantage, extinction, food, prey, diversity, life, adaptation, niche, security, stability, fundamental niche, realized niche, conflict, nature, natural order, robert macarthur, warbler, ecologist, yale, resource partitioning, observation, zone, hunting, foraging, coexist, organism, selection, character displacement, peter grant, rosemary grant, galapagos finches, trait, mutualism, commensalism, mycorrhizae, termite, obligate mutualism, barnacle Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
If being alive on Earth were a contest, humans would win it hands down. We're like the Michael Phelps of being alive, but with 250,000 times more gold medals. Today Hank is here to tell us the specifics of why and how human population growth has happened over the past hundred and fifty years or so, and how those specifics relate to ecology.
Like CrashCourse? http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse! http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) R vs. K Selection Theory 01:41:1
2) Causes of Exponential Human Growth 03:24
3) Human Carrying Capacity 03:30:2
4) Ecological Footprints 06:40:1
5) Causes for Decline in Human Growth Rate 08:10:1 Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Population ecology is the study of groups within a species that interact mostly with each other, and it examines how they live together in one geographic area to understand why these populations are different in one time and place than they are in another. How is that in any way useful to anyone ever? Hank uses the example a of West Nile virus outbreak in Texas to show you in this episode of Crash Course: Ecology.
Like Crash Course? http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow Crash Course! http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Density & Dispersion 02:03
2) Population Growth 03:07
3) Limiting Factors 03:45
a) Density Dependent 06:16
b) Density Independent 07:11
4) Exponential & Logistical Growth 08:04
5) How to Calculate Growth Rate 09:33
References:
http://www.latimes.com/news/na....tion/nationnow/la-na
http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/id....cu/disease/arboviral
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito
http://www.nature.com/scitable..../knowledge/library/p
Campbell Biology 9th ed. Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
With a solid understanding of biology on the small scale under our belts, it's time for the long view - for the next twelve weeks, we'll be learning how the living things that we've studied interact with and influence each other and their environments. Life is powerful, and in order to understand how living systems work, you first have to understand how they originated, developed and diversified over the past 4.5 billion years of Earth's history. Hang on to your hats as Hank tells us the epic drama that is the history of life on Earth.
Like CrashCourse on Facebook! http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Archaean & Proterozoic Eons 01:53
a) Protobionts 03:54
b) Prokaryotes 04:18
c) Eukaryotes 06:06
2) Phanerozoic Eon 06:42
a) Cambrian Explosion 06:49
b) Ordovician Period 07:36
c) Devonian Period 07:48
d) Carboniferous Period 08:13
e) Permian Period 09:10
References and licenses for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2zRD
crashcourse, biology, ecology, hank green, history, life, human, earth, RNA, genetic material, protobionts, DNA, prokaryote, archaea, archaean, eon, proterozoic, era, period, epoch, fossil record, atmosphere, geologic, time, cyanobacteria, photosynthesis, oxygen revolution, change, environment, eukaryote, endosymbiosis, mitochondria, plastid, algae, cambrian explosion, diversity, animal, evolution, phanerozoic, phyla, ordovician, plant, carboniferous, fossil fuel, system, permian, pangaea, gymnosperm, archosaur, dinosaur, species, extinction, event, asteroid, niche, competition, resource, jurassic, angiosperm, insect, coevolution, bird, mammal, flora, fauna, relationship. Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
We've reached the grand finale of our four part series on human reproduction: BABIES! Today Hank walks you through the stages of pregnancy, beginning with how a zygote develops into blastomeres to a morula to a blastocyst and finally to an embryo and a fetus. He also explains some of the amazing anatomical changes that take place in the mother, and the hormonal sequence of events that lead to labor.
A&P poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom
Table of Contents
Stages of Pregnancy 1:23
Zygote -- Blastomere 1:34
Morula -- Blastocyst 2:12
Embryo -- Fetus 5:07
Anatomical Changes 5:30
Hormonal Sequences Leading to Labor 7:12
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
After weeks of discussion of human reproduction, today we arrive at the main event: THE SEX. Hank explains the four phases of the human sexual response, how a sperm finds and fertilizes an egg, creating a zygote, and how different types of contraception work to prevent that from happening.
A&P poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom
Table of Contents
Four Phases of the Human Sexual Response 1:34
Fertilization 3:01
Creating a Zygote 3:21
Methods of Birth Control 7:15
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Our month-long exploration of human reproduction continues with a look at testicular anatomy, the steps of sperm production, and how it’s influenced by gonadotropin and testosterone. Hank also explains how sperm mature, and how they leave the body on a tide of glandular secretions during ejaculation.
Anatomy & Physiology poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom
Table of Contents
Testicular Anatomy 1:53
Sperm Production 2:07
The Influence of Gonadotropin and Testosterone 3:24
How Sperm Mature and Leave the Body 5:35
Glandular Secretions During Ejaculation 6:45
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Human reproduction is complicated an important, and it's going to take a four part series for us to cover it. Today, we're kicking that off with the female reproductive system, starting with how sex hormones affect oogenesis and ovulation, continuing through how the ovarian and menstrual cycles mature and release oocytes, and create a comfy uterine environment for a fertilized egg.
CC Anatomy & Physiology Poster http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom
Table of Contents
Female Reproductive Anatomy 1:58
Sex Hormones Affect Oogenesis and Ovulation 3:15
Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles Mature and Release Oocytes 4:05
Uterine Environments and Fertilized Eggs 7:10
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Fatima Iqbal, Penelope Flagg, Eugenia Karlson, Alex S, Jirat, Tim Curwick, Christy Huddleston, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Today I Found Out, Avi Yashchin, Chris Peters, Eric Knight, Jacob Ash, Simun Niclasen, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian, Caleb Weeks, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver, and Markus Persson
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
THE FINAL SHOWDOWN! This is the last episode on the immune system and also the very last episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology. In it, Hank explains how the cellular immune response uses helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells to attack body cells compromised by pathogens. He also explores how cytokines activate B and T cells, and what happens if your immune system goes rogue and starts causing autoimmune trouble.
***
Crash Course A&P Posters: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom
***
Table of Contents
Helper, Cytotoxic and Regulatory T Cells Attack Compromised Body Cells 4:08
Cytokines Activate B and T Cells 5:00
When Your Immune System Goes Rogue 6:15
Autoimmune Trouble 7:27
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
In the penultimate episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank explains your adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system's humoral response guards extracellular terrain against pathogens. Hank also explains B cells, antibodies, and how vaccines work.
Crash Course A&P Poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom
Table of Contents
Adaptive Immune System's Humoral Response 1:19
How B Cells Mature, Identify Antigens, and Make Antibodies 2:42
How Antibodies Warm Pathogens and Mark Them for Death 5:22
Active and Passive Humoral Immunity 6:03
How Vaccines Work 6:27
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Our final episodes of Anatomy & Physiology explore the way your body keeps all that complex, intricate stuff alive and healthy -- your immune system. The immune system’s responses begin with physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, and when they’re not enough, there are phagocytes -- the neutrophils and macrophages. It also features the awesomely named natural killer cells and the inflammatory response, and we'll explain how all of these elements work together to save the day if you happen to slip on a banana peel.
Crash Course A&P poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom
Table of Contents
Physical Barriers Like Skin and Mucous Membranes 2:01
Phagocytes: Neutrophils and Macrophages 3:17
Natural Killer Cells 4:29
Inflammatory Response 5:29
***
"Reformat" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Today Hank explains your unsung lymphatic system and how it supports cardiovascular function by collecting, filtering, and returning interstitial fluid back into the bloodstream via a system of lymphatic vessels. He also explains the system’s major role in fighting off infection, and how lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs, and MALT areas house antigen-attacking lymphocytes that provide crucial support to the immune system.
Table of Contents
The Lymphatic System Supports Cardiovascular Function 2:09
Collects, Filters, and Returns Interstitial Fluid Back to the Bloodstream 3:12
Lymphatic Vessels 4:22
Role In Fighting Off Infection 5:40
Lymph Nodes, Lymphoid Organs, and Malt Areas House Antigen-Attacking Lymphocytes 6:04
***
Crash Course A&P poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark, Eric Kitchen, Jessica Wode, Jeffrey Thompson, Steve Marshall, Moritz Schmidt, Robert Kunz, Tim Curwick, Jason A Saslow, SR Foxley, Elliot Beter, Jacob Ash, Christian, Jan Schmid, Jirat, Christy Huddleston, Daniel Baulig, Chris Peters, Anna-Ester Volozh, Ian Dundore, Caleb Weeks
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
As we promised last week, we're not quite done talking about your pee yet. Today Hank explains how the urinary system regulates the production of urine, by maintaining a study glomerular flow rate. He'll also cover the anatomy of storing and excreting urine -- from the ureters to the urethra -- and the nervous system’s role in controlling the act of urination.
Table of Contents
Urinary System Regulates the Production of Urine 2:20
Mantains a Steady Glomerular Flow Rate 2:40
The Anatomy of Storing and Excreting Urine 5:02
Ureters to the Urethra 6:28
The Nervous System's Role in Controlling Urination 7:47
Anatomy & Physiology posters: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Fatima Iqbal, Penelope Flagg, Eugenia Karlson, Alex S, Jirat, Tim Curwick, Christy Huddleston, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Today I Found Out, Avi Yashchin, Chris Peters, Eric Knight, Jacob Ash, Simun Niclasen, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian, Caleb Weeks, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver, and Markus Persson
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Even though you probably don't choose to spend a lot of time thinking about it, your pee is kind of a big deal. Today we're talking about the anatomy of your urinary system, and how your kidneys filter metabolic waste and balance salt and water concentrations in the blood. We'll cover how nephrons use glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion to reabsorb water and nutrients back into the blood, and make urine with the leftovers.
Anatomy of Hank poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom
Table of Contents
Kidneys Filter Metabolic Waste & Balance Salt & Water Concentrations in the Blood 1:25
Nephrons 4:13
Glomerular Filtration 4:37
Tublar Reabsorption 5:14
Tubular Secretion 8:17
Urine 8:40
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Fatima Iqbal, Penelope Flagg, Eugenia Karlson, Alex S, Jirat, Tim Curwick, Christy Huddleston, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Today I Found Out, Avi Yashchin, Chris Peters, Eric Knight, Jacob Ash, Simun Niclasen, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian, Caleb Weeks, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver, and Markus Persson
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
If you're like us, you love the sound of a brunch buffet. But not everything you eat at that glorious buffet is going to be turned into energy. Your body has to work with different forms of food in different ways. In this episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank takes us through more about our metabolism including cellular respiration, atp, glycogenesis, and how insulin regulates our blood sugar levels.
Anatomy of Hank Poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom
--
Table of Contents
Cellular Respiration converts glucose into ATP 2:03
Glycogenesis converts glucose to glycogen 3:26
Lipogenesis converts glucose into triglycerides 5:58
Insulin regulates blood sugar levels 5:22
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Fatima Iqbal, Penelope Flagg, Eugenia Karlson, Alex S, Jirat, Tim Curwick, Christy Huddleston, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Today I Found Out, Avi Yashchin, Chris Peters, Eric Knight, Jacob Ash, Simun Niclasen, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian, Caleb Weeks, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver, and Markus Persson
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Metabolism is a complex process that has a lot more going on than personal trainers and commercials might have you believe. Today we are exploring some of its key parts, including vital nutrients -- such as water, vitamins, minerals, carbs, fats, and proteins -- as well as how anabolic reactions build structures and require energy, while catabolic reactions tear things apart and release energy.
Anatomy of Hank Poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom
--
Table of Contents
Water, Vitamins, Minerals, Carbs, Fats and Proteins 3:47
Anabolic Reactions Build Structures and Require Energy 2:59
Catabolic Reactions Tear Things Apart and Release Energy 3:17
Metabolism 2:30
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark , Elliot Beter, Moritz Schmidt, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Jacob Ash, Jessica Wode, Today I Found Out, Christy Huddleston, James Craver, Chris Peters, SR Foxley, Steve Marshall, Simun Niclasen, Eric Kitchen, Robert Kunz, Avi Yashchin, Jason A Saslow, Jan Schmid, Daniel Baulig, Christian , Anna-Ester Volozh
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Nachos are great...if you are among the lucky ones whose body can digest them. When digestion goes according to plan, the small intestine performs most of your chemical digestion in the duodenum, while accessory organs including the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas contribute enzymes that all but finish the job. Then your large intestine, which is actually shorter than the small intestine, tries to extract the last bit of nutrition, including the occasional attempt to turn nachos into energy, which for most humans, ends in gassy failure.
Table of Contents
The Small Intestine Performs Most of Your Chemical Digestion in the Duodenum 1:54
The Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Contribute Enzymes 4:26
The Large Intestine is Actually Shorter Than the Small Intestine 6:47
The Large Intestine Extracts the Last Bit of Nutrition 7:06
Crash Course A&P posters: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark , Elliot Beter, Moritz Schmidt, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Jacob Ash, Jessica Wode, Today I Found Out, Christy Huddleston, James Craver, Chris Peters, SR Foxley, Steve Marshall, Simun Niclasen, Eric Kitchen, Robert Kunz, Avi Yashchin, Jason A Saslow, Jan Schmid, Daniel Baulig, Christian , Anna-Ester Volozh
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Nearly 200 years ago, Alexis St. Martin was shot in the stomach. He was saved by local army doctor William Beaumont, but had to live out his remaining years with a gaping hole in the stomach -- allowing Beaumont to learn a lot about how human digestion works. So today we're going to walk you through that process. We'll cover how mechanical and chemical digestion start in the mouth and continues in the stomach, where it’s pummeled by acids and enzymes and turned into chyme. We will also go over the stomach’s cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of digestive regulation.
Table of Contents
Mechanical and Chemical Digestion Starts in the Mouth 2:45
Continues in the Stomach 4:37
Food is Pummeled by Acids and Enzymes and Turned Into Chyme 5:31
Cephalic, Gastric and Intestinal Phases of Digestive Regulation 7:17
Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology Poster: http://store.dftba.com/product....s/crashcourse-anatom
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark , Elliot Beter, Moritz Schmidt, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Jacob Ash, Jessica Wode, Today I Found Out, Christy Huddleston, James Craver, Chris Peters, SR Foxley, Steve Marshall, Simun Niclasen, Eric Kitchen, Robert Kunz, Avi Yashchin, Jason A Saslow, Jan Schmid, Daniel Baulig, Christian , Anna-Ester Volozh
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Nachos are delicious. And versatile because today they're also going to help us learn a thing or two about your digestive system. Nachos can provide us with energy and raw materials, by first ingesting something nutritious, propelling it through the alimentary canal where it will be mechanically broken down, and chemically digested by enzymes until my cells can absorb their monomers and use them to make whatever they need. And eventually, there will be pooping.
Table of Contents
Ingestion 6:24
Propulsion 7:00
Mechanical Breakdown 7:38
Digestion 8:01
Absorption 8:30
Defecation 8:50
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark , Elliot Beter, Moritz Schmidt, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Jacob Ash, Jessica Wode, Today I Found Out, Christy Huddleston, James Craver, Chris Peters, SR Foxley, Steve Marshall, Simun Niclasen, Eric Kitchen, Robert Kunz, Avi Yashchin, Jason A Saslow, Jan Schmid, Daniel Baulig, Christian , Anna-Ester Volozh
***
Episode co-sponsors:
Bryan Drexler
Peter Rapp, Lightbow - www.lightbow.net
Sigmund Leirvåg
Mikael Modin - http://www.msf.org/
Jeremy Bradley
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Can a paper bag really help you when you are hyperventilating? It turns out that it can. In part 2 of our look at your respiratory system Hank explains how your blood cells exchange oxygen and CO2 to maintain homeostasis. We'll dive into partial pressure gradients, and how they, along with changes in blood temperature, acidity, and CO2 concentrations, change how hemoglobin binds to gases in your blood. (And yes, we'll explain the paper bag thing too!)
Table of Contents
How Blood Cells Exchange Oxygen and CO2 2:23
Partial Pressure Gradients 2:41
How Hemoglobin Binds to Gases in the Blood 4:40
The Thing With The Bag 9:04
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark, Jan Schmid, Simun Niclasen, Robert Kunz, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Eric Kitchen, Christian, Beatrice Jin, Anna-Ester Volozh, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Stephen Lawless, Today I Found Out, James Craver, Jessica Wode, Sandra Aft, Jacob Ash, SR Foxley, Christy Huddleston, Steve Marshall, Chris Peters
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
So we all know that breathing is pretty important, right? Today we're going to talk about how it works, starting with the nameless evolutionary ancestor that we inherited this from, and continuing to the mechanics of both simple diffusion and bulk flow, as well as the physiology of breathing, and finishing with the anatomy of both the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of your respiratory system.
Table of Contents
The Mechanics of Both Simple Diffusion and Bulk Flow 2:44
The Physiology of Breathing 4:07
Anatomy of the Conducting Zone 5:47
Anatomy of Respiratory Zone 7:07
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark, Jan Schmid, Simun Niclasen, Robert Kunz, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Eric Kitchen, Christian, Beatrice Jin, Anna-Ester Volozh, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Stephen Lawless, Today I Found Out, James Craver, Jessica Wode, Sandra Aft, Jacob Ash, SR Foxley, Christy Huddleston, Steve Marshall, Chris Peters
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
It's time to start talking about some of the terrible things you can do to your own body, like blood doping. We'll start by explaining the structure and function of your erythrocytes, and of hemoglobin, which they use to carry oxygen. We'll follow the formation and life cycle of a red blood cell, including how their levels are regulated by EPO and their signalling molecules. We'll wrap up by looking at how blood doping works and how it is truly a recipe for disaster.
Table of Contents
Structure and Function of Your Erythrocyte 1:37
Hemoglobin Carries Oxygen 2:30
The Formation and Life Cycle of a Red Blood Cell 4:16
EPO and Signalling Molecules Regulate Blood Cells 5:42
Doping the Blood is a Recipe for Disaster 7:58
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark, Jan Schmid, Simun Niclasen, Robert Kunz, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Eric Kitchen, Christian, Beatrice Jin, Anna-Ester Volozh, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Stephen Lawless, Today I Found Out, James Craver, Jessica Wode, Sandra Aft, Jacob Ash, SR Foxley, Christy Huddleston, Steve Marshall, Chris Peters
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Now that we've talked about your blood vessels, we're going to zoom in a little closer and talk about your blood itself. We'll start by outlining the basic components of blood -- including erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma -- as well as the basic process of hemostasis that stops bleeding, and how antigens are responsible for the blood type that you have. By the end of this episode, you should be totally prepared for your next blood drive.
Table of Contents
The Basic Components of Blood 2:30
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets, and Plasma 3:00
The Basic Process of Hemostasis 4:45
How Antigens Are Responsible For Your Blood Type 6:21
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark, Jan Schmid, Simun Niclasen, Robert Kunz, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Eric Kitchen, Christian, Beatrice Jin, Anna-Ester Volozh, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jeffrey Thompson, Ian Dundore, Stephen Lawless, Today I Found Out, James Craver, Jessica Wode, Sandra Aft, Jacob Ash, SR Foxley, Christy Huddleston, Steve Marshall, Chris Peters
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
And now we return to blood vessels. In this episode, we start discussing what blood pressure is, how it can become "high", and what that means for our health. One of the more interesting points is that your body has ways of dealing with high blood pressure, but they're not ways we want out bodies to operate on a full time basis. And why can't we butter our bacon? WHY!?!?!
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Don't Butter Your Bacon 01:36
Blood Flow and Resistance 01:54
Blood Pressure 02:42
Short Term Responses 04:11
Neural, Hormonal, and Kidney Response 04:33
How Chronic High Blood Pressure Can Kill 06:21
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Anna-Ester Volozh, Robert Kunz, Jason A Saslow, Christian Ludvigsen, Chris Peters, Brad Wardell, Beatrice Jin, Roger C. Rocha, Eric Knight, Jessica Simmons, Jeffrey Thompson, Elliot Beter, Today I Found Out, James Craver, Ian Dundore, Jessica Wode, SR Foxley, Sandra Aft, Jacob Ash, Steve Marshall
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: Hunter Boyajian
FROM: Chase Boyajian
In the darkest times, hope is something you give yourself.
--
TO: The World
FROM: Andrew Johnstone
Lets all make a podcast
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Luke Blackbourn, Tori McClanahan, Evan Gale, Damian Shaw, Sean Riley, Ólafur D. Skúlason, Ho Yin Michael Cheng, Philip Oddie, Silvan Fricker, Stephen DeCubellis
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Now that we've discussed blood, we're beginning our look at how it gets around your body. Today Hank explains your blood vessels and their basic three-layer structure of your blood vessels. We're also going over how those structures differ slightly in different types of vessels. We will also follow the flow of blood from your heart to capillaries in your right thumb, and all the way back to your heart again.
Table of Contents
The Basice Three-Layer Structure of Your Blood Vessels 2:17
Different Types of Vessels 3:36
The Flow of Blood From Your Heart to Capillaries 3:59
The Flow From Capillaries to the Heart 7:01
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Anna-Ester Volozh, Robert Kunz, Jason A Saslow, Christian Ludvigsen, Chris Peters, Brad Wardell, Beatrice Jin, Roger C. Rocha, Eric Knight, Jessica Simmons, Jeffrey Thompson, Elliot Beter, Today I Found Out, James Craver, Ian Dundore, Jessica Wode, SR Foxley, Sandra Aft, Jacob Ash, Steve Marshall
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: Hunter Boyajian
FROM: Chase Boyajian
In the darkest times, hope is something you give yourself.
--
TO: The World
FROM: Andrew Johnstone
Lets all make a podcast
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Luke Blackbourn, Tori McClanahan, Evan Gale, Damian Shaw, Sean Riley, Ólafur D. Skúlason, Ho Yin Michael Cheng, Philip Oddie, Silvan Fricker, Stephen DeCubellis
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Today we're talking the heart and heart throbs -- both literal and those of the televised variety. Hank explains how your heart’s pacemaker cells use leaky membranes to generate their own action potentials, and how the resulting electricity travels through the cardiac conduction pathway from SA Node to Purkinje fibers, allowing your heart to contract. He's also going to make you better able to spot inaccuracies in medical dramas by explaining how defibrillators work to reset the rhythm of your heart.
Table of Contents
Pacemaker Cells Generate Their Own Action Potentials 2:47
The Cardiac Conduction Pathway 3:45
SA Node to Purkinje Fibers 4:48
How Defbrilators Work 6:46
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Anna-Ester Volozh, Robert Kunz, Jason A Saslow, Christian Ludvigsen, Chris Peters, Brad Wardell, Beatrice Jin, Roger C. Rocha, Eric Knight, Jessica Simmons, Jeffrey Thompson, Elliot Beter, Today I Found Out, James Craver, Ian Dundore, Jessica Wode, SR Foxley, Sandra Aft, Jacob Ash, Steve Marshall
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: Beth
FROM: Joey
I Love You Beth Ronie With All Of My Heart!
--
TO: The WORLD
FROM: Future Is The Future
Awesome gender neutral vintage clothing: http://futureisthefuture.com
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Matthew Feickert, Stephen DeCubellis, Ethi Raj, Paul Castillo, Katrina Castillo, @bdb_i_am, Laura South, Philip Oddie, Suné Horn, @joshlama
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Your heart gets a lot of attention from poets, songwriters, and storytellers, but today Hank's gonna tell you how it really works. The heart’s ventricles, atria, and valves create a pump that maintains both high and low pressure to circulate blood from the heart to the body through your arteries, and bring it back to the heart through your veins. You'll also learn what your blood pressure measurements mean when we talk about systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Table of Contents
Heart's Ventricles, Atria and Valves Create a Pump 3:25
Maintains Both High and Low Pressure 3:25
Blood Circulates From the Heart to the Body Through Your Arteries 4:47
Blood Circulates From the Body to the Heart Through Your Veins 4:49
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure 7:58
Crash Course Psychology posters available now at DFTBA.com!
http://www.dftba.com/crashcourse
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Anna-Ester Volozh, Robert Kunz, Jason A Saslow, Christian Ludvigsen, Chris Peters, Brad Wardell, Beatrice Jin, Roger C. Rocha, Eric Knight, Jessica Simmons, Jeffrey Thompson, Elliot Beter, Today I Found Out, James Craver, Ian Dundore, Jessica Wode, SR Foxley, Sandra Aft, Jacob Ash, Steve Marshall
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: My Student
FROM: Earle
Check out www.youtube.com/amorsciendi for supplementary content.
--
TO: Everyone
FROM: Magnus Krokstad
Keep dreaming!
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Damian Shaw, Taylor Garget, Emily Barker, Librarifan, Damian Shaw, Courtney Spurgeon, juliagraph, Katherine Allen, Stephen DeCubellis, Vanessa Benavent
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
In the second half of our look at the endocrine system, Hank discusses chemical homeostasis and hormone cascades. Specifically, he looks at the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, or HPT axis, and all the ways your body can suffer when that system, or your hormones in general, get out of whack.
Table of Contents
Chemical Homeostasis 1:04
Hormone Cascades 2:37
HPT Axis 3:25
Crash Course Psychology posters available now at DFTBA.com!
http://www.dftba.com/crashcourse
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Sandra Aft, Brad Wardell, Christian Ludvigsen, Robert Kunz, Jason, A Saslow, Jacob Ash, Jeffrey Thompson, Jessica Simmons, James Craver, Simun Niclasen, SR Foxley, Roger C. Rocha, Nevin, Spoljaric, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jessica Wode
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: Rachel
FROM: Alex
I Love You!
--
TO: Crash Course
FROM: James Earle
I loved Subbable. I'll see you on Patreon.
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Megan McChristy, Matthew Feickert, Tara D. Kane, Gage Ledbetter, Benjamin Perea, Chad Walter, Janel Christensen, Alura Embrey, Ken Johnson, Harland Wirth
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Hank begins teaching you about your endocrine system by explaining how it uses glands to produce hormones. These hormones are either amino-acid based and water soluble, or steroidal and lipid-soluble, and may target many types of cells or just turn on specific ones. He will also touch on hormone cascades, and how the HPA axis effects your stress response.
Table of Contents
Endocrine System 2:32
Glands Produce Hormones 2:58
Amino Acid Based and Water Soluble 4:18
Steroidal and Lipid Soluble 4:44
Hormone Cascades 6:15
HPA Axis Effects Your Stress Response 6:30
***
Crash Course Psychology Poster: http://www.dftba.com/crashcourse
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Sandra Aft, Brad Wardell, Christian Ludvigsen, Robert Kunz, Jason, A Saslow, Jacob Ash, Jeffrey Thompson, Jessica Simmons, James Craver, Simun Niclasen, SR Foxley, Roger C. Rocha, Nevin, Spoljaric, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jessica Wode
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: Laura Hewett
FROM: Amy Paez
Greetings from the other side of the world! DFTBA
--
TO: Wesley
FROM: G
Distance is created by the Desert Otherworld, therefore we shall not be destroyed.
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Mickey Maloney, Dan Smalley, Stephen DeCubellis, Vanessa Benavent, Andrew Galante, LankySam!, David Costello, Vanessa Benavent, Kenzo Yasuda, Tessa White
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Hank calls in a friend to do his push ups for him today to explain how skeletal muscles work together to create and reverse movements. Hank and Claire also demonstrate the role size plays in motor units, the three phase cycle of muscle twitches, and how the strength and frequency of an impulse affects the strength and duration of a contraction. This episode also explains twitch summation, tetanus, and isotonic vs. isometric movements.
Table of Contents
Skeletal Muscles Work Together to Create and Reverse Movements 1:14
Motor Units 3:52
Three Phases of Muscle Twitches 4:41
Strength and Frequency of Impulses 5:29
Strength and Duration of a Contraction 5:29
Twitch Summation vs Tetanus 6:19
Isotonic vs Isometric Movements 8:50
***
Crash Course Psychology Poster: http://www.dftba.com/crashcourse
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Sandra Aft, Brad Wardell, Christian Ludvigsen, Robert Kunz, Jason, A Saslow, Jacob Ash, Jeffrey Thompson, Jessica Simmons, James Craver, Simun Niclasen, SR Foxley, Roger C. Rocha, Nevin, Spoljaric, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jessica Wode
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: Ariela
FROM: Gavi
I love you so much, stay awesome as always!
--
TO: Josiah P.
FROM: Amy P.
I love you!
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Vanessa Benavent, Les Brown, John Hadfield, Damian Shaw, Burt G. Clothier & Tad A. Saine, Ashley Williamson, Carrie Williamson, Melissa A, Lopin Forsythe, Trevor Sacks
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
We're kicking off our exploration of muscles with a look at the complex and important relationship between actin and myosin. Your smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles create movement by contracting and releasing in a process called the sliding filament model. Your skeletal muscles are constructed like a rope made of bundles of protein fibers, and that the smallest strands are your actin and myosin myofilaments. Its their use of calcium and ATP that causes the binding and unbinding that makes sarcomeres contract and relax.
Table of Contents
Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal Muscles Create Movement 1:18
Sliding Filament Model 4:52
Skeletal Muscles Are Made of Bundles of Protein Fibers 2:40
Actin and Myosin Myofilaments 3:54
Calcium and ATP Cause the Binding and Unbinding 5:05
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Sandra Aft, Brad Wardell, Christian Ludvigsen, Robert Kunz, Jason, A Saslow, Jacob Ash, Jeffrey Thompson, Jessica Simmons, James Craver, Simun Niclasen, SR Foxley, Roger C. Rocha, Nevin, Spoljaric, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jessica Wode
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: SEM students
FROM: Mrs. S
You are confident and courageous! I believe in you! DFTBA!
--
TO: Zachary
FROM: She who gave you life!
You, like the Mongols, will always be the exception.
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
David Rybka, Beth Larter, Damian Shaw, Randy Goldberg MD, Cynthia Krohn, Allison DeVoe, Brinae Lois Gaudet, Sara Bovi, Stephen DeCubellis, Travis Bell
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
We continue our look at your bones and skeletal system, skipping over the silly kid's song in favor of a more detailed look at your your axial and appendicular skeleton. This episode also talks about the structural and functional classifications of your joints and the major types of body movement that they facilitate.
Table of Contents
Basic Structure of Your Skeletal System 1:50
Axial and the Appendicular Skeleton 2:02
Structural and Functional Classifications of Joints 3:41
Major Types of Body Movement 6:02
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Sandra Aft, Brad Wardell, Christian Ludvigsen, Robert Kunz, Jason, A Saslow, Jacob Ash, Jeffrey Thompson, Jessica Simmons, James Craver, Simun Niclasen, SR Foxley, Roger C. Rocha, Nevin, Spoljaric, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jessica Wode
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: Everyone
FROM: Martin Owens
To gild refined gold is just silly
--
TO: Dana
FROM: Cameron
Still holding out! we're gonna make it through.
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Stephen DeCubellis, Vanessa Benavent, Rob Palmer, Dr. John D. Trombley, BouwsT, Robin Duckworth, Kyle "Defender of Awesome" Willis, Damian Shaw, Elisa DeCastro, Johnny Young!,
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Today Hank explains the skeletal system and why astronauts Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko are out in space studying it. He talks about the anatomy of the skeletal system, including the flat, short, and irregular bones, and their individual arrangements of compact and spongy bone. He'll also cover the microanatomy of bones, particularly the osteons and their inner lamella. And finally he will introduce the process of bone remodeling, which is carried out by crews of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.
Table of Contents
Anatomy of the Skeletal System 2:33
Flat, Short, and Irregular Bones 3:11
Arrangements of Compact and Spongy Bone 4:22
Osteons and Their Inner Lamella 5:05
Bone Remodeling 7:28
Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, and Osteoclasts 6:03
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Sandra Aft, Brad Wardell, Christian Ludvigsen, Robert Kunz, Jason, A Saslow, Jacob Ash, Jeffrey Thompson, Jessica Simmons, James Craver, Simun Niclasen, SR Foxley, Roger C. Rocha, Nevin, Spoljaric, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jessica Wode
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: Hunter Boyajian
FROM: Chase Boyajian
In the darkest times, hope is something you give yourself.
--
TO: The World
FROM: Andrew Johnstone
Lets all make a podcast
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Julie Kaminski, Steven Ness, Hannah!!!!!, Pamela Genise, Mark B. Williams, Becky Kaplan, William Edwards, Rebecca Carlson, Matthew Tryba, Eric Birchfield
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Next stop in our tour of your sensory systems? VISION. With a little help from an optical illusion, we take a look inside your eyes to try to figure out how your sense of vision works -- and how it can be tricked.
***
Table of Contents
The Structure of the Eye 2:31
The Fibrous, Vascular, and Inner Layers 3:33.2
The Retina 4:56
Photoreceptors, Bipolar Cells, and Ganglion Neurons 5:09.2
Rods and Cones 6:07.5
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Sandra Aft, Brad Wardell, Christian Ludvigsen, Robert Kunz, Jason, A Saslow, Jacob Ash, Jeffrey Thompson, Jessica Simmons, James Craver, Simun Niclasen, SR Foxley, Roger C. Rocha, Nevin, Spoljaric, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jessica Wode
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: THE WORLD
FROM: Future Is The Future
Awesome gender neutral vintage clothing: http://futureisthefuture.com
--
TO: Beth
FROM: Joey
I Love You Beth Ronie With All Of My Heart!
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Sofie Harning
Sour Bags & Totes
Don Phillips
Christian Dodson
Christian Dodson (once again)
Christian Dodson (again)
Christian Dodson (NO EDGE)
Sour Bags & Totes
tuseroni
Amy Guerrero
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Crash Course A&P continues the journey through sensory systems with a look at how your sense of hearing works. We follow sounds as they work there way into the ear where they are registered and transformed into action potentials. This mechanism not only helps you hear but also helps maintain your equilibrium.
Table of Contents
Choclea, Basilar Membrane, and Hair Cells Register and Transduct Sound into Action Potentials
The Vestibular Apparatus Responds to Specific Motions
Keep Your Equilibrium 7:36
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Jan Schmid, Steve MarshallAnna-Ester Volozh, Sandra Aft, Brad Wardell, Christian Ludvigsen, Robert Kunz, Jason, A Saslow, Jacob Ash, Jeffrey Thompson, Jessica Simmons, James Craver, Simun Niclasen, SR Foxley, Roger C. Rocha, Nevin, Spoljaric, Eric Knight, Elliot Beter, Jessica Wode
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: My Student
FROM: Earle
Check out www.youtube.com/amorsciendi for supplementary content.
--
TO: Everyone
FROM: Magnus Krokstad
Keep dreaming!
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Belinda Pearson
Caroline S.
Ariela Karp and Gavi Lazan
Elizabeth Gregory
Amelia Gorlick
Andrea Black
Bill Wolf
Patrick Audley
Caitrin McCullough
Brandi Gates
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Hank resists the urge to devour a slice of pizza so that he can walk you through the way we experience our major special senses. It all boils down to one thing: sensory cells translating chemical, electromagnetic, and mechanical stimuli into action potentials that our nervous system can make sense of. Today we're focusing on smell (olfaction) and taste (gustation), which are chemical senses that call on chemoreceptors. As usual, we'll begin with a quick look at how these things can go wrong.
Table of Contents
Anatomy and Physiology of Smell 2:26
The Olfactory Sensory Neurons 3:01
Receptors → Glomerulus → Mitral Cells → Brain 3:47
Taste Receptor Epithelial Cells 7:30
Receptors Trigger Action Potentials to Four Different Cranial Nerves 8:26
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly (and have your contributions matched by Patreon through April 30th!) by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Simun Niclasen, Brad Wardell, Roger C. Rocha, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Nevin Spoljaric, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Jessica Simmons, Stefan R. Finnerup, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Mike Drew, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian Ludvigsen, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: Rachel
FROM: Alex
I Love You!
--
TO: Crash Course
FROM: James Earle
I loved Subbable. I'll see you on Patreon.
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Suzanne, Dustin & Owen Mets
Amy Fuller
Simon Francis Max Bild-Enkin
Ines Krueger
King of Conquerors Gareth Mok
Chris Ronderos, Dallas, TX
Gabriella Mayer
jeicorsair
Tokyo Coquette Boutique
Konradical the nonradical
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
This week we are looking at your parasympathetic division, which is the "resting and digesting" unit. Unfortunately, learning about this de-stressing division also involves a whole lot of memorization. Don't worry, though - we've got some mnemonic devices to help you out!
--
Table of Contents
Parasympathetic Nervous System 0:40
Structural Differences from the Sympathetic System 1:41
Twelve Cranial Nerves 4:02
Vagus Nerve 6:40
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly (and,until April 30th, have your contributions matched by Patreon!) by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Simun Niclasen, Brad Wardell, Roger C. Rocha, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Nevin Spoljaric, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Jessica Simmons, Stefan R. Finnerup, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Mike Drew, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian Ludvigsen, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: Laura Hewett
FROM: Amy Paez
Greetings from the other side of the world! DFTBA
--
TO: Wesley
FROM: G
Distance is created by the Desert Otherworld, therefore we shall not be destroyed.
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Alex Lee CPA
Liz Siron
Kathryn "Fallout Shelter" Plimpton
Daniel McLaughlin
Kate Plimpton
Thanks Zujus!
Charlie Kuski
Historyboobs
Rachel Lee
Felicia Gilcris
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Hank tries not to stress you out too much as he delves into the functions and terminology of your sympathetic nervous system.
--
Table of Contents
Sympathetic Nervous System Controls the Body's Stress Response 0:26
How Signals Travel to Effectors 1:48
Acetylcholine in the Ganglion 3:55
Norepinephrine at the Effector 4:42
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine Are Secreted as Hormones 5:35
Alpha Receptors Cause Smooth Muscles to Constrict 7:14
Beta Receptors Cause Smooth Muscles to Relax 7:27
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly (and, until April 30th, have your contributions matched by Patreon!) by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Simun Niclasen, Brad Wardell, Roger C. Rocha, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Nevin Spoljaric, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Jessica Simmons, Stefan R. Finnerup, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Mike Drew, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian Ludvigsen, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: Ariela
FROM: Gavi
I love you so much, stay awesome as always!
--
TO: Josiah P.
FROM: Amy P.
I love you!
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Pankaj Gurung
Kelley Culp
Joshua McKee
Amory Olson: Kasson-Mantorville High School Science Instructor
Jack Thakar
Arrow Worthy
Magnus "Krox" Krokstad
Rachel Lee
Brian J. Rolf
Sylien
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Hank takes you on a tour of your two-part autonomic nervous system. This episode explains how your sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system work together as foils, balancing each other out. Their key anatomical differences - where nerve fibers originate and where their ganglia are located - drive their distinct anatomical functions, making your sympathetic nervous system the "fight or flight" while your parasympathetic nervous system is for "resting and digesting."
--
Table of Contents
The Basic Two-Part System of the Autonomic Nervous System 0:48
Sympathetic Nervous System 2:33
Parasympathetic Nervous System 2:54
Their Nerve Fibers Originate in Different Parts of the Body 3:22
Sympathetic Ganglia Are Close to the Spinal Cord 4:36
Parasympathetic Ganglia Are Close to Their Effectors 4:59
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly (and, until April 30th, have your contributions matched by Patreon!) by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Mark Brouwer, Simun Niclasen, Brad Wardell, Roger C. Rocha, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Nevin Spoljaric, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Jessica Simmons, Stefan R. Finnerup, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Mike Drew, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian Ludvigsen, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: SEM Students
FROM: Mrs. S
You are confident and courageous! I believe in you! DFTBA!
--
TO: Zachary
FROM: She who gave you life!
You, like the Mongols, will always be the exception.
***EPISODE CO-SPONSORS***
Link
Kelly Naylor - http://www.aertenart.com
Tim Webster
Steven Meekel
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Caitlin Steinert, BryanGriffith.com, Maia McGuire, That one guy from Midland who teaches science at highschool, Michael Longwell, Justice H, Martha (splicegrrl), Casey Rule, Manuel Kovats, and @simplscientist
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
It is now time to meet the system that helps your crazy brain stay in touch with the outside world. We follow up last week's tour of the central nervous system with a look at your peripheral nervous system, its afferent and efferent divisions, how it processes information, the reflex arc, and what your brain has to say about pain.
Table of Contents
Peripheral Nervous System 0:38
Afferent and Efferent Divisions 5:42
Information and Responses to Pain 3:12
Five Steps of the Reflex Arc 4:35
Different Kinds of Reflexes 6:44
What the Brain Says About Pain 8:09
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly (and, for the next month, have your contributions matched by Patreon!) by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: Brayden and Cody
FROM: Dad
For my favourite sons. Remember that Science Rocks!!
--
TO: CraftLit Listeners
FROM: Heather at CraftLit
Big Hugs to CraftLit Fans Who (also) Love Crash Course!
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Dan Rajan
Josh Greenberg @wordlessrage
Tanmay Sheth
Chriztopher North
Teodora Miclaus
Jessica Baker
Julie Anne Mathieu
Moti Lieberman
Leanne Gover
www.justplainsomething.com
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Today Hank talks about your central nervous system. In this episode we'll explore how your brain develops and how important location is for each of your brain's many functions.
Table of Contents
Central Nervous System, Location and Brain Function 1:48
Brain Development 3:21
Neural Tube 3:27
Three Primary Vesicles 3:37
Four Adult Structures and Their Basic Functions 4:17
***
Crash Course is now on Patreon! You can support us directly (and, until April 30th, have your contributions matched by Patreon!) by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
***SUBBABLE MESSAGES***
TO: Clay Compton
FROM: Bill Compton
Happy birthday, Dad!
--
TO: My Psychology Students
FROM: Dr. Caitlin Faas
Any observant eyes catching this message? We love Crash Course!
***SUPPORTER THANK YOU!***
Thank you so much to all of our awesome supporters for their contributions to help make Crash Course possible and freely available for everyone forever:
Creatrix Tiara
Dr. Sarah Hinzman
Caroline Haas
Mason R Norris
Alton Toth of Sechelt
Rodrigo Groppa
Sönke
Rebecca Karger
Gregle
Ariana Flewelling (@EdTechAri)
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
•••SUBBABLE MESSAGE•••
TO: NerdFighteria
FROM: Dave at DTXC.CO
Cycling t-shirts at DTXC.CO. Don't give up the Road! DFTBA!
***
Subbable Co-Sponsors:
Logan Sanders https://www.facebook.com/perrylogans
Dr. Boyev http://youtube.com/taichiknees
***
You can directly support Crash Course at http://www.subbable.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Also, if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing great content.
***
We continue our tour of the nervous system with a look at synapses and the crazy stuff cocaine does to your body.
--
Table of Contents:
Electrical Synapses Use Ion Currents Over Gap Junctions to Transmit Neurological Signals 2:56
Chemical Synapses Turn Electrical Signals Into Chemical Ones 4:01
Chemical Synapses Use Neurotransmitters 5:14
Effects of Cocaine In the Electrochemical System 7:44
--
CRASH COURSE KIDS!
http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
•••SUBBABLE MESSAGE•••
TO: Carla
FROM: Christopher
Next stop is whenever. Just be like, "stop."
***
You can directly support Crash Course at http://www.subbable.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Also, if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing great content.
***
What do you and a sack of batteries have in common? Today, Hank explains.
--
Table of Contents:
Ion Channels Regulate Electrochemistry to Create Action Potential 4:51
Resting State 3:22
Depolarization 6:09
Repolarization 7:35
Hyperpolarization 8:00
--
CRASH COURSE KIDS!
http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
•••SUBBABLE MESSAGE•••
TO: Kerry
FROM: Cale
I love you with all my ha-art. Deadset.
***
You can directly support Crash Course at http://www.subbable.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Also, if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing great content.
***
Today Hank kicks off our look around MISSION CONTROL: your nervous system.
--
Table of Contents:
Sensory Input, Integration and Motor Output 1:36
Organization of Central and Peripheral Systems 2:16
Glial Cells 3:54
Role, Anatomy and Function of Neuron Types 5:23
Structure and Function of Neurons 6:20
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
•••SUBBABLE MESSAGE•••
TO: Helle Søndergaard
FROM: Martin Søndergaard
Congratulations for finishing first semester on physiotherapy! I'm so proud!
***
You can directly support Crash Course at http://www.subbable.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Also, if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing great content.
***
Today Hank wraps up this look at your integumentary system and all the hard work it does protecting you from and helping you interact with the world around you.
--
Table of Contents:
Protects Your Body 1:25
Senses the Outside World 1:42
Helps Excrete Waste 2:17
Stores Blood 2:43
Regulates Temperature 2:59
Makes Vitamin D 5:18
Indicates Signs of Poor Health 3:55
How Your Hair & Nails Grow 5:57
The Difference Between Eccrine and Apocrine Sweat Glands 7:07
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands 8:17
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
•••SUBBABLE MESSAGE•••
TO: Ciaran
FROM: your sister Jillian
Happy birthday! Hope you enjoy being immortalized via doobly-doo!
***
You can directly support Crash Course at http://www.subbable.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Also, if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing great content.
***
Anatomy & Physiology continues with a look at your biggest organ - your skin.
--
Table of Contents:
All About Skin 0:22
Epidermis, Dermis, & Hypodermis 1:30
Melanin And Keratin Cells 2:15
Ensure You Get A Good Tattoo 8:01
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
•••SUBBABLE MESSAGE•••
TO: the world.
FROM: Laura Love Rathbun
Learning is the best thing to do with your you!
***
You can directly support Crash Course at http://www.subbable.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Also, if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing great content.
***
Today Hank wraps up our look at Connective Tissues with a discussion of its various types and a breakdown of what you can and can't easily break down. Also chicken.
--
Table of Contents:
Loose and Dense Connective Tissue 2:10.4
Areolar, Adipose, Reticular, Tendons, Ligaments, Dense Irregular, and Dense Elastic Tissue 2:54.5
Three Cartilage Types, Spongy and Compact Bone Connective Tissue 5:29
Blood is a Connective Tissue Type 7:14.1
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
•••SUBBABLE MESSAGE•••
TO: Ashley
FROM: Fee
Happy birthday nerd also I love you lots and lots
***
You can directly support Crash Course at http://www.subbable.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Also, if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing great content.
***
On today's episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank continues our exploration of tissues, with an introduction to your connective tissues.
--
Table of Contents:
Four Types of Connective Tissue 2:34.2
All Develop From Mesenchyme 3:29.5
Different Degrees of Blood Flow 3:45.7
Extracellular Matrix Full of Ground Substance and Fibers 3:59.4
Blast, Cyte, and Immune Cell Types 6:45.4
Marfan Syndrome Affects Connective Tissue 8:31.3
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
•••SUBBABLE MESSAGE•••
TO : Phoebe and James McMullan
FROM : Dad
Continue being awesome Phoebe & James from John & Hank!
***
You can directly support Crash Course at http://www.subbable.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Also, if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing great content.
***
Today on Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank breaks down the parts and functions of one of your body's unsung heroes: your epithelial tissue.
--
Table of Contents:
Epithelial Tissue Creates Inner & Outer Boundaries 2:19.3
Layering: Simple or Stratefied 5:26
Shape: Squamous, Cuboidal, or Columnar 3:34.5
Epithelial Cells Are Polar 7:17.4
Apical & Basal Sides 7:22
Selectively Permeable 7:43
Glandular Epithelial Tissue Forms Endocrine & Exocrine Glands 8:20.3
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
•••SUBBABLE MESSAGE•••
TO: Jordan Schoonover
FROM: Mom, Dad & Madison
Happy Birthday Jordan! We love you sweetheart!!
***
You can directly support Crash Course at http://www.subbable.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Also, if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing great content.
***
In this episode of Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology, Hank gives you a brief history of histology and introduces you to the different types and functions of your body's tissues.
--
Table of Contents:
Nervous, Muscle, Epithelial & Connective Tissues 1:23
History of Histology 2:07
Nervous Tissue Forms the Nervous System 5:17
Muscle Tissue Facilitates All Your Movements 7:00
Identifying Samples 9:03
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
***SUBBABLE MESSAGE***
To Niko
From Caroline
Niko, I love you and I like you. Okay? Okay.
***
You can directly support Crash Course at http://www.subbable.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Also, if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing great content.
Welcome to Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology!
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
You can directly support Crash Course at http://www.subbable.com/crashcourse Subscribe for as little as $0 to keep up with everything we're doing. Also, if you can afford to pay a little every month, it really helps us to continue producing great content.
***
In this episode of Crash Course, Hank introduces you to the complex history and terminology of Anatomy & Physiology.
--
Table of Contents:
Anatomy: The Structure of Parts 2:34
Physiology: How Parts Function 3:50
Complementarity of Structure & Function 4:09
Hierarchy of Organization 4:20
Directional Terms 7:27
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
The history of science up until the Cold War is often overshadowed by the Manhattan Project. But, today we are going to talk about advances in biomedicine, or healthcare based on a biological understanding of human bodies and diseases.
***
Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever:
Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, Naman Goel, Patrick Wiener II, Nathan Catchings, Efrain R. Pedroza, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Indika Siriwardena, James Hughes, Kenneth F Penttinen, Trevin Beattie, Satya Ridhima Parvathaneni, Erika & Alexa Saur, Glenn Elliott, Justin Zingsheim, Jessica Wode, Kathrin Benoit, Tom Trval, Jason Saslow, Nathan Taylor, Brian Thomas Gossett, Khaled El Shalakany, SR Foxley, Yasenia Cruz, Eric Koslow, Caleb Weeks, Tim Curwick, D.A. Noe, Shawn Arnold, Malcolm Callis, Advait Shinde, William McGraw, Andrei Krishkevich, Rachel Bright, Jirat, Ian Dundore
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse
CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids
Hank introduces us to ecology - the study of the rules of engagement for all of us earthlings - which seeks to explain why the world looks and acts the way it does. The world is crammed with things, both animate and not, that have been interacting with each other all the time, every day, since life on this planet began, and these interactions depend mostly on just two things... Learn what they are as Crash Course Biology takes its final voyage outside the body and into the entire world.
Stay tuned in the coming weeks for a new Crash Course in ECOLOGY!
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC
Like CrashCourse: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Ecological Hierarchy 02:01:2
a) Population 02:12
b) Community 02:26:1
c) Ecosystem 02:50
d) Biome 03:22:1
e) Biosphere 03:51
2) Key Ecological Factors 04:07
a) Temperature 05:06:1
b) Water 05:37
3) Biome Type 06:03:1
References/Image Licenses: http://dft.ba/-2qQ3
crash course, biology, ecology, hank green, science, organism, interaction, molecule, environment, hierarchy, Earth, ecological, population, community, predation, cooperation, competition, ecosystem, soil, water, air, temperature, energy, materials, physical environment, biome, technique, adaptation, condition, evolution, biosphere, biotic, abiotic, predator, animal, plant, food, shelter, moisture, sunlight, elevation, category, chemistry, enzyme, photosynthesis, physiognomy, biodiversity, tropical rainforest, tundra, desert, grassland, taiga, human impact Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Death is what fungi are all about. By feasting on the deceased remains of almost all organisms on the planet, converting the organic matter back into soil from which new life will spring, they perform perhaps the most vital function in the global food web. Fungi, which thrive on death, make all life possible.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC
Like CrashCourse? http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse! http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Biolography 02:07
2) Structure 04:53
3) The Decomposers 06:10
4) The Mutualists 06:38
5) The Predators 07:23
6) The Parasites 07:35
7) Reproduction 08:24
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2i0c
crashcourse, biology, hank green, fungi, fungus, detritivore, species, taxonomy, yeast, disease, death, organic matter, louis pasteur, biolography, beer, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, pasteurization, decompose, decomposition, soil, nutrient, recycle, mushroom, heterotroph, hyphae, chitin, mycelium, decomposer, mutualist, predator, parasite, enzyme, lignin, haustoria, mycorrhizae, sex, reproduction, spore, propagation, plasmogamy, asci, disperse, ascocarps, molds Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
Hank gets into the dirty details about vascular plant reproduction: they use the basic alternation of generations developed by nonvascular plants 470 million years ago, but they've tricked it out so that it works a whole lot differently compared to the way it did back in the Ordovician swamps where it got its start. Here's how the vascular plants (ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms) do it.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC
Like CrashCourse? http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse! http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Sporophyte Dominance 01:55
2) Ferns 02:14
3) Gymnosperms 03:35
4) Angiosperms 05:33
5) Truth or Fail: Fruit Edition! 08:28
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2d8V
crash course, biology, plant, reproduction, sporophyte, gametophyte, diploid, haploid, cell, alternation of generations, vascular plants, cone, flower, strategy, reproductive, sex, dominance, chromosome, sporophyte dominant, fern, spore, frond, extinct, pollen, ovule, seed, evolution, gymnosperm, conifer, ginko, cycad, lodgepole pine, serotinous, forest fire, competition, angiosperm, flying insect, coevolve, mutualism, perfect flower, male, female, sepal, petal, anther, filament, stamen, ovary, style, stigma, pollination, bee, fertilization, fruit, hank green Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank introduces us to one of the most diverse and important families in the tree of life - the vascular plants. These plants have found tremendous success and the their secret is also their defining trait: conductive tissues that can take food and water from one part of a plant to another part. Though it sounds simple, the ability to move nutrients and water from one part of an organism to another was a evolutionary breakthrough for vascular plants, allowing them to grow exponentially larger, store food for lean times, and develop features that allowed them to spread farther and faster. Plants dominated the earth long before animals even showed up, and even today hold the world records for the largest, most massive, and oldest organisms on the planet.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC
Like CrashCourse @ http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse @ http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) 3 Tissue Types 02:37
2) Primary Growth 03:04
3) Secondary Growth 03:28
4) Dermal Tissue 04:47
a) Epidermis 04:54
5) Parenchyma Cells 05:39
6) Vascular Tissue 05:58
7) Xylem 05:58
8) Collenchyma 07:10
9) Sclerenchyma 07:35
10) Ground Tissue 08:25
a) Mesophyll 08:17
b) Photosynthesis 08:47
11) Phloem 09:54
References
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bio....s/bios100/lecturesf0
http://www.deseretnews.com/art....icle/700071982/Centr
http://www.popsci.com/science/....article/2012-02/2000
crashcourse, biology, vascular plant, plant, successful, diversity, diverse, conductive tissue, evolution, growth, largest, most massive, oldest, dermal tissue, vascular tissue, ground tissue, photosynthesis, sprout, germination, primary growth, herbaceous, secondary growth, woody tissue, organ, root, stem, meristem, leaf, epidermis, cuticle, trichomes, root hairs, parenchyma, cortex, xylem, evapotranspiration, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, lignin, mesophyll, chloroplasts, stomata, phloem, sieve cells, sieve-tube elements, internal pressure, diffusion Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank introduces us to nonvascular plants - liverworts, hornworts & mosses - which have bizarre features, kooky habits, and strange sex lives. Nonvascular plants inherited their reproductive cycle from algae, but have perfected it to the point where it is now used by all plants in one way or another, and has even left traces in our own reproductive systems.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC
Like CrashCourse? http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse! http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Key Traits of Nonvascular Plants 01:42
2) 3 Phyla of Bryophytes 02:52
3) Alternation of Generations 04:33
a) Gametophyte Generation 05:04
b) Sporophyte Generation 05:25
c) In Vascular Plants 07:48
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-1TpW
crash course, biology, plants, nonvascular plant, algae, simple, liverwort, hornwort, moss, reproduction, reproductive cycle, sex life, trait, conductive tissue, water, moisture, osmosis, diffusion, growth potential, small, cell wall, cellulose, bryophyte, phyla, species, fossil, haploid, gamete, diploid, alternation of generations, gametophyte, sporophyte, asexual, chromosome, sporangium, spore, antheridia, archegonia, calyptra, germinate, germination, gymnosperm, pollen, angiosperm Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank veers away from human anatomy to teach us about the (mostly) single-celled organisms that make up two of the three taxonomic domains of life, and one of the four kingdoms: Archaea, Bacteria, and Protists. They are by far the most abundant organisms on Earth, and are our oldest, oddest relatives.
Crash Course World History is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC
Like Crash Course? http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow Crash Course! http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-1EvY
Table of Contents
1) Archaea 03:23
a) Methanogens 04:02
b) Extremophiles 04:24
2) Bacteria 05:24:2
3) Gram Positive 06:50
a) Proteobacteria 07:15
b) Cyanobacteria 07:30
c) Spirochetes 07:42
d) Chlamydias 07:52
4) Protists 08:12
a) Protozoa 09:03
b) Algae 09:54
c) Slime Molds 11:13
crash course, biology, archaea, bacteria, protists, unicellular, life, origin, evolution, evolve, eukaryotic, prokaryotic, nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosome, DNA, chromosome, plasmid, extremophile, methanogen, hydrothermal vent, halophile, parasitic, antibiotic, immune system, horizontal gene transfer, diverse, gram staining, gram positive, proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, spirochete, chlamydia, protozoa, algae, dog vomit, slime mold, heterotrophic, flagella, cilia, amoeba, photosynthesis, diatom, sailor's eyeball, bubble algae, seaweed, green, red, brown Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank lets us in on the meaning of life, at least from a biological perspective - it's reproduction, which answers the essential question of all organisms: how do I make more of myself? So, sex, how does it work?
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC
Like CrashCourse: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Gametes: Ova and Sperm 2:27
2) Sex Determination 4:59
3) Secondary Sexual Characteristics 6:48
4) Female Reproductive Structures 7:25
a) Uterus & Oviducts 7:40
b) Endometrium (Menstruation) 7:57
c) Cervix & Vagina 8:32
5) Male Reproductive Structures 8:45
a) Scrotum, Sminferous Tubules & Epididymas 8:59
b) Penis 9:37
c) Vas Deferens to Eurethra (Emission) 10:13
References
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/281/5385/1979
http://www.medicinenet.com/miscarriage/article.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm....c/articles/PMC155981
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
crash course, crashcourse, biology, science, reproductive system, reproduction, asexual, sexual, eukaryote, genome, offspring, sex cell, sex, animal, gamete, ovum, egg, ovule, sperm, hermaphrodite, genitals, male, female, behavior, production, storage, delivery, courtship, fertilize, gonads, organ, sex determining chromosome, nipple, estrogen, testosterone, puberty, secondary sex characteristics, breasts, human, ovary, fallopian tube, menstrual cycle, ovulation, uterus, cervix, vagina, testes, penis, erection, coitus, semen, emission, ejaculation, vas deferens, prostate gland Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank fills us in on the endocrine system - the system of glands which produce and secrete different types of hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development & function.
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-1lsU
Table of Contents
1) Signalling Systems 2:07:0
2) Pituitary 3:19:1
3) Hypothalamus 4:17:1
4) Thyroid 4:52:1
5) Adrenal 5:38:1
6) Pancreas 6:51:1
7) Biolography 8:49:2
biology, crash course, crashcourse, hank green, anatomy, physiology, endocrine system, hormone, gland, human, body, science, exocrine, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, paracrine signalling, autocrine signalling, signal receptor, steroids, peptides, monoamines, brain, hypothalamus, oxytocin, negative feedback loop, kidney, stress, ACTH, epinephrine, organ, glucose, insulin, glucagon, testes, androgen, testosterone, ovaries, estrogen, progestin, estradiol, progesterone, sex, alfred jost, embryologist, secretion, embryonic development, embryo, mammal, fetal development, puberty, reproductive organs Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank tells us about the team of deadly ninja assassins that is tasked with protecting our bodies from all the bad guys that want to kill us - also known as our immune system.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC
Like CrashCourse - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Innate Immune System 1:45
a) Mucous Membranes 2:54
b) Inflammatory Response 3:44
c) Leukocytes 4:45
2) Open Letter 6:33
a) Natural Killer Cells 6:56
b) Dendritic Cells 7:57
3) Acquired Immune System 8:36
a) Antibodies 9:08
b) Lymphocytes 9:48
c) Cell-Mediated Response 10:17
d) Humoral Response 13:00
References
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/....AP/AP2pages/Units18t
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.co....m/sites/0072495855/s
This video uses the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"Pigs-01.flac" by Erdie
"straw slurp.wav" by dparke4
"Disgusting Slop.wav" by Ighuaran
"Sonar Ping.wav" by digifishmusic
"Swishes.wav" by Pogotron
"swing.mp3" by morgantj
crash course, crashcourse, biology, immune system, anatomy, physiology, human, health, microscopic, pus, pathogen, bacteria, body, organism, virus, immunity, innate, acquired, animal, vertebrate, germ, skin, mucous membrane, digestive tract, mucus, inflammatory response, mast cells, histamine, allergic, allergy, infection, phagocyte, macrophage, natural killer cell, lymphocytes, white blood cells, antigen, t cell, humoral response Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank tells us the story of the complicated chemical dance that allows our skeletal muscles to contract and relax.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC
Like CrashCourse: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Cardiac, Smooth, & Skeletal Muscles 01:09
2) Muscle Anatomy 02:03
a) Muscle Fibers 03:07
b) Myofibrils 04:15:1
c) Sarcomeres 04:19:1
d) Myofilaments 04:37:2
3) Biolography 05:37:1
4) Sliding Filament Model 07:47
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-3syE
crash course, crashcourse, biology, muscular system, muscle, cellular respiration, energy, ATP, human body, chemistry, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, contract, relax, tendon, anatomy, physiology, fascicle, fibers, protein, myofibril, sarcomere, myofilament, actin, myosin, sliding filament model, biolography, electron microscope, tropomyosin, troponin, sarcoplasmic reticulum, motor neuron Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank introduces us to the framework of our bodies, our skeleton, which apart from being the support and protection for all our fleshy parts, is involved in many other vital processes that help our bodies to function properly.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC
Like CrashCourse: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Endoskeleton 2:03
2) Biolography 3:27
3) New Bone Formation 6:36
4) Bone Structure 8:00
5) Bone Remodeling 9:48
References:
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
http://faculty.fmcc.suny.edu/mcdarby/animals&plantsbook/animals/07-Arthropods.htm
http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/fancher/Size.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17308163
http://www.shwachmandiamondame....rica.org/blood_and_M
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm....c/articles/PMC300128
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius
http://projectskeletal.tripod.com/Scientists.htm
crash course, crashcourse, biology, skeleton, skeletal system, organ, anatomy, physiology, vertebrate, chordate, hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, endoskeleton, bone, skull, biolography, adries van wesel, osteology, andreas vesalius, doctor, medicine, human dissection, de humani corporis fabrica, illustration, cartilage, chondrocyte, collagen, osteoblast, ossification, calcium phosphate, bone matrix, marrow, hematopoeisis, diaphysis, epiphysis, pituitary gland, growth hormone, remodeling, osteoclast, resorption, parathyroid, thyroid Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank takes us on the fascinating journey through our excretory system to learn how our kidneys make pee.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
References
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/fa....culty/farabee/biobk/
http://www.khanacademy.org/sci....ence/biology/v/the-k
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
Table of Contents
1) Homeostasis & Osmoregulation 00:00
2) Urea & Uric Acid 01:30
3) Kidneys 02:49
4) Nephron 03:40
5) Glomerulus 4:15
6) Bowman's Capsule 04:25
7) Proximal Convoluted Tubule 04:49
8) Biolography 06:16
9) Loop of Henle 07:36
10) Distal Convoluted Tubule 09:23
11) Collecting Ducts 09:57
12) Ureters, Bladder & Urethra 10:45
crashcourse, crash course, biology, science, human, anatomy, physiology, homeostasis, organ, urine, urinary, kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra, osmoregulation, balance, metabolism, ammonia, urea, uric acid, toxicity, blood, nephron, renal artery, glomerulus, bowman's capsule, filtrate, loop of henle, renal cortex, renal medulla, freidrich henle, diuretic, anti-diuretic hormone, kangaroo rat, beaver, pee, osmosis Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank takes us through the bowels of the human digestive system and explains why it's all about surface area.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC
Like Crash Course? http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
Follow Crash Course: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Surface Area to the Max! 3:21
2) Mouth to Esophagus 5:23
3) Stomach 6:38
4) Small Intestine 7:55
5) Large Intestine 9:44
References
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/re....leases/2007/10/07100
crash course, biology, anatomy, digestive system, animal, development, digestive tract, nervous system, vertebrate, micro-ecology, microorganism, human, omnivore, acid, enzyme, surface area, mouth, teeth, saliva, nutrient, intestine, salivary amylase, swallow, mastication, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, epiglottis, bolus, peristalsis, rugae, gastric juice, pepsin, chyme, duodenum, absorb, secrete, villi, gall bladder, liver, bile, emulsify, fatty acid, cecum, appendix, poop, anal, sphincter Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank takes us on a trip around the body - we follow the circulatory and respiratory systems as they deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from cells, and help make it possible for our bodies to function.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC
Like CrashCourse? http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow us! http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) Respiratory System 00:48
2) Simple Diffusion 00:55
3) Respiratory Anatomy 02:35
a) Trachea to Capillaries 03:10
4) Lung Function & Thoracic Diaphragm 04:37
5) Circulatory System 05:35
6) Circulatory Anatomy 05:54
a) Left Ventricle to Capillary Beds 06:50
b) Veins to Left Atrium 08:46
7) Endotherms & Ectotherms 09:20
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-3cHg
This video uses the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"00559 deep breathing 1.wav" by Robinhood76
crash course, crashcourse, biology, animals, oxygen, carbon dioxide, cellular respiration, circulatory system, respiratory system, circulation, respiration, heart, lung, artery, vein, pulmonary, simple diffusion, membrane, lungfish, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus, capillary, blood, inhale, exhale, diaphragm, thoracic, pressure, breathing, breath, pump, red blood cell, four chambered heart, ventricle, muscle, aorta, vena cava, atrium, endotherm, ectotherm, hank green Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank begins a series of videos on organ systems with a look at the nervous system and all of the things that it is responsible for in the body.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8bCC
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-3a36 Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank and his cat Cameo help teach us about animal behavior and how we can discover why animals do the things they do.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8css
Like Crash Course on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
Follow Crash Course on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thecrashcourse
References: http://dft.ba/-35Uh
crash course, biology, animal species, animal behavior, cat, pets, natural selection, sexual selection, morphology, physiology, structure, function, heritable traits, learned behavior, genetics, adaptive, evolution, stimulus, ethologist, proximate cause, hamster, ultimate cause, reproductive success, offspring, biolography, niko tinbergen, karl von frisch, konrad lorenz, austrian, Nobel prize, imprinting, nazi, foraging, optimal foraging model, alligator snapping turtle, bower bird, vampire bat, altruism, william hamilton, fitness, inclusive fitness, ethology, behavioral ecology, ecology Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank introduces us to ourselves by taking us on a journey through the fascinatingly diverse phyla known as chordata. And the next time someone asks you who you are, you can give them the facts: you're a mammalian amniotic tetrapodal sarcopterygian osteichthyen gnathostomal vertebrate cranial chordate.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8css
Table of Contents:
1) Chordate Synapomorphies 1:04
2) Cephalachordata 1:20
3) Urochordata 3:16
4) Vertebrata 3:49
a) Myxini 4:30
b) Petromyzontida 4:51
c) Chondrichthyes 5:32
d) Osteichthyes 6:05
5) Biolography 7:29
6) Amphibia 9:02
7) Reptilia 9:47
8) Mammalia 10:57
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-31eh
This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"Moog_woodenBlocks.aiff" by Feenixx
biology, crashcourse, crash course, phyla, animal, ancestry, chordates, chordata, evolution, mammal, synapomorphy, lancelet, cephalochordata, spinal chord, notochord, vertebrate, nerve chord, pharyngeal slit, urochordata, backbone, vertebrata, brain, myxini, hagfish, craniate, skull, agnathan, shark, gnathostome, cartilage, bone, skeleton, endoskeleton, osteichthyes, fish, coelacanth, biolography, hendrick goosen, fisherman, tetrapod, fins, limbs, frog, amphibian, amniote, amniotic egg, reptilia, ectotherm, endotherm, heart, bird Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank continues our exploration of animal phyla with the more complexly organized annelida and arthropoda, and a biolography on insects.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8css
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
References:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/re....leases/2010/07/10072
http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/h....ome/earthworm-apprec
http://annelidsf.blogspot.com/
http://www.bukisa.com/articles..../41743_amazing-facts
http://www.ehow.com/about_6292....974_interesting-crus
crashcourse, crash course, biology, complex animals, annelid, arthropod, segmentation, evolution, diversity, chordate, vertebrate, ancestor, earthworm, beetle, anatomy, synapomorphy, chaetae, shared traits, trait, plesiomorphy, worm, leech, phyla, class, insect, scorpion, butterfly, lobster, thorax, exoskeleton, chitin, jointed feet, cheliceriformes, arachnid, myriapoda, biolography, pollination, flowering plants, flight, metamorphosis, nymph, pupae, crustacea, shrimp, crab Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank introduces us to the "simplest" of the animals, complexity-wise: beginning with sponges (whose very inclusion in the list as "animals" has been called into question because they are so simple) and finishing with the most complex molluscs, octopuses and squid. We differentiate them by the number of tissue layers they have, and by the complexity of those layers.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8css
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents:
1) Porifera 1:33
2) Cnidaria 2:36
a) Diploblasts 2:48
3) Platyhelminthes 3:33
a) Triploblasts 3:56
b) Coelom 4:36
4) Biolography 5:36
5) Nematoda 7:26
6) Rotifera 7:57
7) Molusca 8:33
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2V_c
crash course, biology, anatomy, animal, simple, complex, tissue complexity, tissue, sponge, development, porifera, multicellular, eukaryotic, eukaryote, species, cnidaria, jellies, anemone, hydra, coral, germ layer, body cavity, endoderm, ecotoderm, dipoloblast, stinging cell, cnidocyst, platyhelminthes, fluke, triploblast, coelom, acoelomate, biolography, cambrian explosion, adaptation, fossil, evolution, diversity, nematoda, pseudocoelomate, hookworm, rotifera, mollusca, chitin, snail, bivalve, octopus, squid, visceral mass, foot, mantle, radula, gastropod, cephalopod Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank introduces us to comparative anatomy, which studies the similarities and differences in animal anatomy to support the theory of evolution and the shared ancestry of living things.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8css
Like Crash Course on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow Crash Course on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
References:
Campbell Biology, 9th ed.
CliffsAP Biology, 3rd ed.
Thomas Henry Huxley: http://www.strangescience.net/huxley.htm
Tissues: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acar....pi/NSC/14-anatomy.ht
Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla...
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm....c/articles/PMC168965
Table of Contents:
1) Comparative Anatomy 0:00
2) Locomotion 1:19
3) Heterotophy 1:41
4) Convergent Evolution 2:40
5) Biolography 3:40
6) Tissues 6:00
a) Epithelial Tissue 6:11
b) Connective Tissue 6:33
c) Muscle Tissue 7:01
d) Nerve Tissue 7:14
7) Organs 7:32
8) Organ Systems 7:39
crashcourse, crash course, biology, comparative anatomy, evolution, ancestry, animal, kingdom, locomotion, organism, heterotroph, heterotrophy, convergent evolution, vertebrate, environment, thomas henry huxley, paleontology, agnostic, dinosaurs, charles darwin, prehistoric, fossil, tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, muscle tissue, organ Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank talks about population genetics, which helps to explain the evolution of populations over time by combing the principles of Mendel and Darwin, and by means of the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
Hank gets real with us in a discussion of evolution - it's a thing, not a debate. Gene distribution changes over time, across successive generations, to give rise to diversity at every level of biological organization.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8css
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents
1) The Theory of Evolution 1:49
2) Fossils 2:42
3) Homologous Structures 4:36
4) Biogeography 7:02
5) Direct Observation 8:52
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2Oyu
evolution, theory, biology, science, crashcourse, genetics, gene, facts, fossil, fossil record, dinosaur, extinct, extinction, organism, dorudon, rodhocetus, vestigial, structure, similarity, homologous structure, related, relationship, morganucodon, fore limb, hind limb, vertebrate, molecule, DNA, RNA, chimpanzee, fruit fly, biogeography, marsupial, finches, direct observation, drug resistance, resistance, selective pressure, italian wall lizard Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank tells us the background story and explains the importance of the science of classifying living things, also known as taxonomy.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8css
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2L2C
Table of Contents
1) Taxonomy 0:00
2) Phylogenetic Tree 1:24
3) Biolography 2:26
4) Analogous/Homoplasic Traits 3:48
5) Homologous Traits 4:03
6) Taxa & Binomial Nomenclature 4:56
7) Domains 5:48
a) Bateria 6:04
b) Archaea 6:44
c) Eukarya / 4 Kingdoms 6:54
-Plantae 7:56
-Protista 8:23
-Fungi 8:56
-Animalia 9:31
taxonomy, classification, classifying, evolution, filing, science, biology, life, organism, relationship, ancestor, ancestry, evolutionary tree, phylogenetic tree, tree of life, biolography, carl von linnaeus, linnaeus, botanist, botanical name, morphology, homologous traits, systema naturae, taxa, groups, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, binomial nomenclature, latin, domain, archaea, eukarya, division, autotrophs, heterotrophs, protist, fungi, animalia, animal, cat, kitty Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank introduces us to the relatively new field of evolutionary developmental biology, which compares the developmental processes of different organisms to determine their ancestral relationship, and to discover how those processes evolved. Also fruit flies with eyes on their legs and chickens with teeth!
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8css
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thecrashcourse
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here:
Table of Contents
1) EVO/DEVO - 00:51
2) Developmental Regulatory Genes - 2:00
3) Gap Genes - 2:39
4) Homeobox / HOX Genes - 2:50
5) Messed-Up Experiment - 6:16
6) EVO/DEVO & Evolution - 7:26
a) Chickens with teeth - 8:14
evolutionary developmental biology, biology, evo-devo, evolution, animal, organism, genetics, science, crashcourse, developmental regulatory genes, gap genes, homeobox genes, hox genes, instructions, hierarchy, bill mcginnis, junk DNA, gene products, embryo, switzerland, fruit fly, scientist, mutation, gene expression, chicken, teeth Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank discusses the process by which organisms grow and develop, maintaining that, in the end, we're all just tubes.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8css
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thecrashcourse
Table of Contents
1) Zygote 2:38
2) Morula 2:53
3) Blastula 3:25
4) Radial Symmetry 4:11
5) Bilateral Symmetry 4:26
6) Gastrulation 4:52
7) Blastopore 5:02
8) Gastrula 5:17
9) Protostomes & Deuterostomes 5:33
10) Germ Layers 6:22
a) Diploblastic 6:32
b) Triploblastic 6:44
11) Biolography 7:27
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://bit.ly/IS8lMi
animal development, biology, science, crashcourse, animal, classification, phylum, embryo, multi-cellular, sea sponge, symmetry, organs, cells, complexity, tube, life form, tissue, jellyfish, coral, sperm, egg, zygote, morula, blastula, mouth, anus, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, digestive tract, gastrulation, gastrula, protostome, deuterostome, chordate, vertebrate, ectoderm, endoderm, germ layer, mesoderm, ernst haeckel, recapitulation theory, ontogeny, phylogeny, evolution, embryology, developmental biology Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank guides us through the process of natural selection, the key mechanism of evolution.
Hank explains speciation - the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise - in terms of finches, ligers, mules, and dogs.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dft.ba/-8css
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thecrashcourse
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2DnD
Table of Contents
1) Species 0:30
2) Hybrids 1:52
3) Reproductive Isolation 2:48
a) Post-Zygotic 3:31
b) Pre-Zygotic 3:51
4) Allopatric Speciation 4:23
5) Sympatric Speciation 6:03
6) Biolography 6:32
7) Dogs 8:37
This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"bird tweet.aif" by tigersound
"ForestBirds.wav" by HerbertBoland
"morning_in_the_forest_2007_04_15.wav" by reinsamba
"AMBIENT LOOP - Perfectly Clear - Wilderness Hillside - FILTERED.mp3" by Arctura
"oceanwavescrushing.wav" by Luftrum
biology, speciation, science, species, evolution, homo sapiens, organism, liger, napoleon dynamite, fertile, sterile, hybrid, hybridization, reproductive isolation, genetic isolation, pre-zygotic isolation, behavior, geographic, allopatric speciation, natural selection, galapagos, finch, artificial selection, corgi, greyhound, puppy, dog Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank gets down to the nitty gritty about meiosis, the special type of cell division that is necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thecrashcourse
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2wDm
Table of Contents
1) Homologous Chromosome Pairs 2:10
2) Primary Oocytes 3:30
3) Primary Spermatocytes 3:30
4) Meiosis 2:59
5) Interphase I 4:04
6) Prophase I 4:37
a) Crossover 5:05
b) Recombination 5:05
7) Metaphase I 7:53
8) Anaphase I 8:05
9) Telophase I 8:19
10) Prophase II 8:57
11) Metaphase II 9:23
12) Anaphase II 9:28
13) Telophase II 9:32
Want to see Hank play Assassin's Creed? Check out http://www.youtube.com/hankgames
Watch the AC: Brotherhood playlist here: http://www.youtube.com/playlis....t?list=PL0B3CD662A03
Watch the AC: Revelations playlist here: http://www.youtube.com/playlis....t?list=PLC5C810D94AD
reproduction, sexual reproduction, sex cell, sperm, egg, meiosis, crashcourse, crash course, biology, cell replication, chromosome, gene, allele, homologous chromosome, haploid cells, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, oocyte, spermatocyte, centrosome, microtubule, crossover, homologous recombination, natural selection, cytokinesis, polar body, endosperm Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank describes mitosis and cytokinesis - the series of processes our cells go through to divide into two identical copies.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thecrashcourse
References for this video can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2rVV
Table of Contents
1. Mitosis 0:24
2. Interphase 3:27
a) Chromatin 3:37
b) Centrosomes 3:52
3) Prophase 4:14
a) Chromosomes 4:18
b) Chromatid 4:31
c) Microtubules 5:07
4) Metaphase 5:22
a) Motor Proteins 5:36
5) Biolography 6:13
6) Anaphase 9:00
7) Telophase 9:15
8) Cleavage 9:25
9) Cytokinesis 9:36
This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"Swishes.wav" by Pogotron
"Opening Scotch Whisky.mp3" by Percy Duke
crashcourse, biology, mitosis, cell biology, cell division, cell, replication, splitting, chromosome, diploid cells, nucleus, DNA, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, interphase, chromatin, chromatid, centrosome duplication, centromere, microtubules, motor protein, walter flemming, tomomi kiyomitsu, dynein, cleavage, cytokinesis, daughter cells, science, education, college, university, learn, teach, hank green Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank imagines himself breaking into the Hot Pockets factory to steal their secret recipes and instruction manuals in order to help us understand how the processes known as DNA transcription and translation allow our cells to build proteins.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T
Like CrashCourse on Facebook! http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter! http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Table of Contents:
1) Transcription 2:12
A) Transcription Unit 3:00
B) Promoter 3:10
C) TATA Box 3:32
D) RNA Polymerase 4:12
E) mRNA 4:15
F) Termination signal 5:21
G) 5' Cap & Poly-A Tail 5:34
2) RNA Splicing 6:08
A) SNuRPs & Spliceosome 6:26
B) Exons & Introns 6:56
3) Translation 7:28
A) mRNA & tRNA 8:01
B) Triplet Codons & Anticodons 8:39
4) Folding & Protein Structure 10:51
A) Primary Structure 11:11
B) Secondary Structure 11:23
C) Tertiary Structure 11:58
D) Quaternary Structure 12:44
Links to episodes referenced in the video:
DNA structure episode: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kK2zwjRV0M
Animal cells episode: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cj8dDTHGJBY
Fold-it SciShow episode: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdBcpdH_ptA
REFERENCES for this video can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2mxX
This video contains the following sounds from Freesound.org:
"IMPresora.wav" by melack
"swishes.wav" by pogotron
tags: crashcourse, science, biology, DNA, titin, hot pocket, transcription, translation, gene, RNA, enzyme, transcription unit, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, TATA box, DNA strand, mRNA, messenger RNA, RNA polymerase, uracil, termination signal, RNA splicing, SNuRPs, spliceosome, exons, introns, ribosome, tRNA, transfer RNA, amino acid, nitrogenous base, codon, anticodon, polypeptide chain, folding, helix, pleated sheets, protein biosynthesis, gene expression Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank introduces us to that wondrous molecule deoxyribonucleic acid - also known as DNA - and explains how it replicates itself in our cells.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
References for this episode can be found in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2hCl
1:41 link to Biological Molecules http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0
Table of Contents:
1) Nucleic Acids 1:30
2) DNA
-A) Polymers 1:53
-B) Three Ingredients 2:12
-C) Base Pairs 3:45
-D) Base Sequences 4:13
3) Pop Quiz 5:07
4) RNA 5:36
-A) Three Differences from DNA 5:43
5) Biolography 6:16
6) Replication 8:49
-A) Helicase and Unzipping 9:22
-B) Leading Strand 9:38
-C) DNA Polymerase 10:08
-D) RNA Primase 10:24
-E) Lagging Strand 10:46
-F) Okazaki Fragments 11:07
-F) DNA Ligase 11:47
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, chromosome, nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, RNA, polymer, nucleotide, double helix, nucleotide base, base pair, base sequence, friedrich miescher, rosalind franklin, replication, helicase, leading strand, lagging strand, rna primase, dna polymerase, okazaki fragment Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank and his brother John discuss heredity via the gross example of relative ear wax moistness.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T
Like CrashCourse on Facebook! http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter! http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
This video uses sounds from Freesound.org, a list of which can be found, along with the REFERENCES for this episode, in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-2dlR
tags: crashcourse, science, biology, evolution, genetics, heredity, aristotle, bloodlines, gregor mendel, mendelian genetics, mendelian trait, classical genetics, chromosome, gene, polygenic, pleiotropic, allele, ear wax gene, somatic, diploid, gametes, sperm, egg, haploid, polyploid, dominance, dominant, recessive, heterozygous, homozygous, phenotype, punnett square, reginald c. punnett, sex-linked inheritance, autosome Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank explains the extremely complex series of reactions whereby plants feed themselves on sunlight, carbon dioxide and water, and also create some by products we're pretty fond of as well.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
This video uses sounds from Freesound.org, a list of which can be found, along with the CITATIONS for this episode, in the Google document here: http://dft.ba/-29ai
Table of Contents:
1) Water 1:16
2) Carbon Dioxide 1:32
3) Sunlight/Photons 1:43
4) Chloroplasts 1:57
5) Light Reaction/Light-Dependent 2:42
a. Photosystem II 3:33
b. Cytochrome Complex 5:54
c. ATP Synthase 6:16
d. Photosystem I 7:06
6) Dark Reactions/Light-Independent 7:55
a. Phase 1 - Carbon Fixation 8:50
b. Phase 2 - Reduction 11:31
c. Phase 3 - Regeneration 12:02
tags: photosynthesis, biology, science, crashcourse, plants, light, calvin cycle, respiration, water, carbon dioxide, sunlight, xylem, time lapse, stomata, chlorophyll, photon, plastid, chloroplast, oxygen, thylakoid, grana, lumen, stroma, chemistry, fusion, photoexcitation, photosystem II, electron transport chain, protein, cytochrome complex, carbon fixation, rubisco, phosphoglycolate, reduction, regeneration, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, G3P, glucose, cellulose, starch, life Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
In which Hank does some push ups for science and describes the "economy" of cellular respiration and the various processes whereby our bodies create energy in the form of ATP.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Special thanks go to Stafford Fitness (www.staffordfitness.net) for allowing us to shoot the gym scenes in their facilities.
This video uses sounds from Freesound.org, a list of which can be found, along with the CITATIONS for this episode, in the Google Document here: http://dft.ba/-25Ad
Table of Contents:
1) Cellular Respiration 01:00
2) Adenosine Triphosphate 01:29
3) Glycolysis 4:13
A) Pyruvate Molecules 5:00
B) Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation 5:33
C) Aerobic Respiration 6:45
4) Krebs Cycle 7:06
A) Acetyl COA 7:38
B) Oxaloacetic Acid 8:21
C) Biolography: Hans Krebs 8:37
D) NAD/FAD 9:48
5) Electron Transport Chain 10:55
6) Check the Math 12:33
TAGS: crashcourse, biology, science, chemistry, energy, atp, adenosine triphosphate, cellular respiration, glucose, adp, hydrolysis, glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain, fermentation, lactic acid, enzyme, hans krebs, citric acid, ATP synthase Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank describes why plants are so freaking amazing - discussing their evolution, and how their cells are both similar to & different from animal cells.
Crash Course Biology now available on DVD! http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thecrashcourse
This video uses sounds from Freesound.org, a list of which can be found, along with the CITATIONS for this video, in the Google Document here: http://dft.ba/-22aJ
Table of Contents annotations:
1. Re-watch the whole video 0:00
2. Introduction 0:00
3. Plant Evolution 0:56
4. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells 2:33
5. Cellulose and Lignin 3:58
6. Plastids and Chloroplasts 7:05
7. Central Vacuole 8:10
TAGS: crashcourse, biology, hank green, plants, plantae, chemistry, energy, learn, course, lycophyte, scale tree, carboniferous, angiosperm, eukaryotic, nucleus, prokaryotic, membrane, cytoplasm, organelle, cellulose, lignin, energy, photosynthesis, plastid, chloroplast, central vacuole, turgor pressure Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank describes how cells regulate their contents and communicate with one another via mechanisms within the cell membrane.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thecrashcourse
"Concert" music used with permission from Chameleon Circuit.
This video uses sounds from Freesound.org: a list of these sounds can be found in the Google document here, along with the citations for this video: http://dft.ba/-1ZRl
Table of Contents time codes:
1) Passive Transport - 1:17
2) Diffusion - 1:25
3) Osmosis - 2:12
4) Channel Proteins- 4:37
5) Active Transport - 4:58
6) ATP - 5:37
7) Transport Proteins - 6:19
8) Biolography - 6:37
9) Vesicular Transport - 9:02
10) Exocytosis - 9:21
11) Endocytosis - 9:50
12) Phagocytosis - 9:57
13) Pinocytosis - 10:29
14) Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis - 10:48
TAGS: crashcourse, hank green, biology, chemistry, cell, cell membrane, selective permeability, selectively permeable, active transport, passive transport, solution, concentration, concentration gradient, atp, adenosine tri-phosphate, jens christian skou, vesicular transport, phagocytosis, endocytosis Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank tells us about the city of Eukaryopolis - the animal cell that is responsible for all the cool things that happen in our bodies.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T
Like SciShow on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Follow SciShow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
More info. on the structures described in this video linked to in the Google Document here: http://dft.ba/-1TR_
Table of Contents time codes
1) Robert Hooke 1:59
2) Cilia/Flagella 2:52
3) Cell Membrane 3:32
4) Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton/Centrosomes 3:58
5) Endoplasmic Reticulum 4:41
6) Ribosomes 5:45
7) Golgi Apparatus 6:00
8) Lysosomes 6:47
9) Nucleus 7:06
10) Mitochondria 9:14
TAGS: crashcourse, biology, animal cells, cell membrane, eukaryote, eukaryotic, organelle, organ, tissue, muscle, nerve, animalia, robert hooke, cilia, flagella, microtubules, cytoplasm, ctyoskeleton, centrosome, nucleus, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, amino acid, polypeptide, golgi apparatus, golgi, lysosomes, DNA, chromatin, rRNA, mRNA, mitochondria Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank talks about the molecules that make up every living thing - carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins - and how we find them in our environment and in the food that we eat.
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD!
http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T
Follow CrashCourse on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thecrashcourse
Like CrashCourse on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/youtubecrashcourse
Resources for this episode in the Google Document here: http://dft.ba/-citations2
TAGS: biological molecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, food, biolography, william prout, urea, energy, monosaccharides, glucose, fructose, disaccharides, sucrose, polysaccharides, simple sugars, cellulose, starch, glycogen, glycerol, fatty acid, triglyceride, phospholipid, steroid, cholesterol, enzymes, antibodies, hormones, amino acids, nitrogen, polypeptides, protein synthesis, biology, molecule, crashcourse, hank green Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Hank teaches us why water is one of the most fascinating and important substances in the universe.
Follow SciShow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow
Like SciShow on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow
Review:
Re-watch = 00:00
Introduction = 00:42
Molecular structure & hydrogen bonds = 01:38
Cohesion & surface tension = 02:46
Adhesion = 03:31
Hydrophilic substances = 04:42
Hydrophobic substances = 05:14
Henry Cavendish = 05:49
Ice Density = 07:45
Heat Capacity = 09:10
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T
Citations:
http://www.extension.umn.edu/d....istribution/youthdev
http://www.uni.edu/~iowawet/H2OProperties.html
http://www.hometrainingtools.c....om/properties-water-
http://science.howstuffworks.c....om/environmental/ear
http://www.robinsonlibrary.com..../science/chemistry/b
http://chemistry.mtu.edu/~pcha....rles/SCIHISTORY/Henr
http://www.nndb.com/people/030/000083778/
http://www.notablebiographies.....com/Ca-Ch/Cavendish-
TAGS: water, hydrogen, oxygen, molecule, covalent bond, cohesion, adhesion, polarity, hydrogen bond, surface tension, capillary action, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, ionic bond, ion, universal solvent, henry cavendish, chemistry, specific gravity, density, heat capacity, evaporation, biology, crashcourse, crash course, hank green Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
And thus begins the most revolutionary biology course in history. Come and learn about covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. What about electron orbitals, the octet rule, and what does it all have to do with a mad man named Gilbert Lewis? It's all contained within.
Like Crash Course on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Follow Crash Course on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/thecrashcourse
Chapter Timecode:
1. Re-watch the whole video = 00:00
2. Carbon is a Tramp = 01:51
3. Electron Shells = 04:23
4. The Octet Rule = 06:52
5. Gilbert Lewis = 05:09
6. Covalent Bonds = 04:41
7. Polar & Non-Polar Covalent Bonds = 07:58
8. Ionic Bonds = 08:29
9. Hydrogen Bonds = 10:11
Crash Course Biology is now available on DVD! http://dftba.com/product/1av/C....rashCourse-Biology-T
biology, crashcourse, gilbert lewis, carbon, hydrogen, electron, proton, covalent bonds, ion, octet rule, covalent bonds, polar, non-polar, ionic bond, hydrogen bond, hank green, john green, vlogbrothers, nobel Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more
details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Biochemical Engineering by Dr. Rintu Banerjee,Department of Agricultural & Engineering,IIT Kharagpur. For more details
on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Elements of Ocean Engineering by Dr. Ashoke Bhar, Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT Kharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Marine Hydrodynamics by Dr. T. Sahoo, Department of Ocean Engineering, IITKharagpur. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Mod-24 Lec-24 Quantitative Proteomics: Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino Acids in Cell Culture(SILAC)
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
Proteomics: Principles and Techniques by Prof. Sanjeeva Srivastava, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Bombay. For more details on NPTEL visit http://nptel.iitm.ac.in
(March 16, 2010) David Spiegel, Stanford Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, discusses hypnosis, the mind, and its therapeutic interaction with the body from helping patients stop smoking to prolonging the lives of cancer patients.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford School of Medicine:
http://med.stanford.edu/
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(March 9, 2010) Frank Longo, MD, PhD, George and Lucy Becker Professor, discusses the intricacy human mind and how different types of memory and memory loss function.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford School of Medicine:
http://med.stanford.edu/
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(March 2, 2010) Dr. Glenn Chertow, Professor of Medicine and Chief of the Division of Nephrology at Stanford, discusses the functions of the kidney in organizing the body's systems.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program. Featuring more than thirty distinguished, faculty, scientists and physicians from Stanford's medical school, the series offers students a dynamic introduction to the world of human biology, health and disease, and the groundbreaking changes taking place in medical research and health care.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford University School of Medicine
http://med.stanford.edu/
Stanford Continuing Studies
http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(February 23, 2010) Jay Pasricha, Stanford Professor of Medicine in Gastroenterology & Hepatology, discusses the human gastrointestinal system and the treatment and research on common diseases of this complicated organ.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford School of Medicine:
http://med.stanford.edu/
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu
Stanford Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(December 1, 2009) Sherry Wren, course co-director and Professor of Surgery at Stanford, and Michele Barry, Professor of Medicine at Stanford, discuss challenges in global health. Dr. Wren recounts her personal experience working in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Dr. Barry highlights neglected policy issues on the international global health agenda.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford University School of Medicine
http://med.stanford.edu
Stanford Continuing Studies
http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(November 17, 2009) Alan Garber, Professor of Medicine, of Economic, and of Health Research and Policy at Stanford, discusses many of the important policy questions relevant to the health care reform debate in the United States.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program. Featuring more than thirty distinguished, faculty, scientists and physicians from Stanford's medical school, the series offers students a dynamic introduction to the world of human biology, health and disease, and the groundbreaking changes taking place in medical research and health care.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford University School of Medicine
http://med.stanford.edu
Stanford Continuing Studies
http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
Dr. Gary Schoolnik discusses cholera from medical, epidemiological, ecological, and economic perspectives, focusing on the links between agricultural practices, particularly the advent of chemical fertilizers, and climate change on cholera epidemics in South Asia.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program. Featuring more than thirty distinguished, faculty, scientists and physicians from Stanford's medical school, the series offers students a dynamic introduction to the world of human biology, health and disease, and the groundbreaking changes taking place in medical research and health care.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford University School of Medicine
http://med.stanford.edu
Stanford Continuing Studies
http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(November 2, 2009) Lucy S. Tompkins, Professor of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology at Stanford, discusses pandemic influenza in the last century, today, and in the future.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program. Featuring more than thirty distinguished, faculty, scientists and physicians from Stanford's medical school, the series offers students a dynamic introduction to the world of human biology, health and disease, and the groundbreaking changes taking place in medical research and health care.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford University School of Medicine
http://med.stanford.edu
Stanford Continuing Studies
http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(October 27, 2009) Julie Theriot, Associate Professor of Biochemistry and of Microbiology and Immunology at Stanford, discusses the different types of microorganisms present in the human body and their functions, the distinction between disease-causing and benign or helpful microorganisms, and the interactions between human cells and both harmful and helpful microorganisms.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford University School of Medicine:
http://med.stanford.edu
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(October 20, 2009) Michael Snyder, Professor of Genetics and Chair of the Department of Genetics at Stanford, discusses advances in gene sequencing, the impact of genomics on medicine, the potential for personalized medicine. and efforts at Stanford to further study these issues.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program. Featuring more than thirty distinguished, faculty, scientists and physicians from Stanford's medical school, the series offers students a dynamic introduction to the world of human biology, health and disease, and the groundbreaking changes taking place in medical research and health care.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford University School of Medicine
http://med.stanford.edu
Stanford Continuing Studies
http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(October 13, 2009) Richard Dolmetsch, Assistant Professor of Neurobiology at Stanford, discusses the functions of the brain and the nervous system as they relate to autistic disorders.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Continuing Studies
http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(October 6, 2009) Dr. Jill Helms, Associate Professor of Surgery at the Stanford School of Medicine, discusses developments in stem cell research and the future of regenerative medicine.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program. Featuring more than thirty distinguished, faculty, scientists and physicians from Stanford's medical school, the series offers students a dynamic introduction to the world of human biology, health and disease, and the groundbreaking changes taking place in medical research and health care.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford Continuing Studies
http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(September 22, 2009) Abraham C. Verghese MC, MACP, Professor of Medicine and the Stanford University School of Medicine discusses the human side of practicing medicine.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program. Featuring more than thirty distinguished, faculty, scientists and physicians from Stanford's medical school, the series offers students a dynamic introduction to the world of human biology, health and disease, and the groundbreaking changes taking place in medical research and health care.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Continuing Studies
http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(February 16, 2010) Norman Rizk, Stanford Senior Associate Dean, Clinical Affairs in the School of Medicine, discusses the structure and transport system of the lungs before explaining how medicine is advancing to research and cure common lung disease.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(February 9, 2010) Robert Jackler, Stanford Professor of Otorhinoclaryngology, and Eric Knudsen, Stanford Professor of Neurobiology, explain how the ear works, discuss how new technology is innovating hearing medicine, and explore the principles of functional organization.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(February 2, 2010) Carla Shatz, professor of biology and neurobiology at the Stanford School of Medicine, discusses the visual processes of the brain, while Mark Blumenkranz, professor of opthalmology at Stanford Medical Center, focuses on developments in ophthalmological treatment.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program. Featuring more than thirty distinguished, faculty, scientists and physicians from Stanford's medical school, the series offers students a dynamic introduction to the world of human biology, health and disease, and the groundbreaking changes taking place in medical research and health care.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford University School of Medicine
http://med.stanford.edu/
Stanford Continuing Studies
http://csp.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(January 26, 2010) Michael Marks, Stanford Professor of Radiology, and Robert Dodd, Stanford Assistant Professor in Neurosurgery and Radiology, discuss three pathologies: strokes, aneurisms, arteriovenous malformations.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://csp.stanford.edu/
Stanford Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(January 19, 2010) Daniel Bernstein, Stanford Director of Cardiology, discusses the evolution of technology and cardiology.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://csp.stanford.edu/
Stanford Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(January 12, 2010) Geoffrey D. Rubin, M.D., Stanford Professor of Radiology and Diagnostic Radiology, discusses the various radiology technologies, their uses, and the positive changes they are making in medical diagnosis.
Stanford Mini Med School is a series arranged and directed by Stanford's School of Medicine, and presented by the Stanford Continuing Studies program.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://csp.stanford.edu/
Stanford Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
3:00 action potential modeling (continued)
8:42 retina organization discussion
48:00 upper body prosthesis discussion
00:43 action potential modeling using transistors
42:47 cardiac action potential model
43:50 stripped down heart model
Heart model: http://people.ece.cornell.edu/....land/courses/ece1810
Students wanted to be in lab. lecture cut to 10 minutes!
0:00 EMG discussion and debugging and final project discussion
0:00 capacitive recording
14:46 adaptive LMS noise cancelers (continued) and heart waveform
0:00 Design project description
58:50 Adaptive LMS 60 Hz filter
http://people.ece.cornell.edu/....land/courses/ece5030
http://people.ece.cornell.edu/....land/courses/ece5030
25:50 Pan-Tompkins algorithm
2:25 Twin-T filter
10:00 Pulse wave speed to blood pressure
16:10 setting up the isolated power supply
19:00 setting up the linear isolator
47:35 passive biological voltage sensors
0:00 VCVS filtering continued
2:54 state variable filter
10:40 switched capacitor filter
19:40 Twin-T notch filter
59:10 Non-contact capacitance sensors
0:00 ECG from the arm
40:41 making +/- supply from one battery
32:00 making a good filter
53:00 VCVS active filter
http://people.ece.cornell.edu/....land/courses/ece5030
0:00 Finger Plethysmograph
15:30 EMG discussion
18:49 silver/silver-chloride electrodes
33:50 force transducer
39:27 skin impedance
50:20 FIR and IIR filters
5:00 EMG block diagram
15:00 leakage current through isolator
23:30 linear optoisolator
42:40 ideas for lab 4 and discussion
1:02:22 bioelectrodes
http://people.ece.cornell.edu/....land/courses/ece5030
0:00 lab 2 discussion
9:30 noise sources
29:12 building power distribution
48:20 power in a room
1:00:00 minimizing 60 Hz interference
3:00 better comparator for pulse measurement
11:26 opamp differential amplifier
26:10 intracellular amplifier -- capacitance -- neg cap feedback
55:00 virtual ground
57:10 negative resistance circuit
0:00 opamps
4:00 input offset voltage
9:00 gain bandwidth product
13:00 computing the opamp gain
24:30 opamp data sheet
32.25 basic differential amplifier
44:45 improved differential amplifier
0.:00 lab 2 circuitry and data analysis
1:00:00 Opamp gain of 10,000?
http://people.ece.cornell.edu/....land/courses/ece5030
6:00 Matlab handle graphics
11:00 GUI design in Matlab
25:00 Matlab object properties
38:00 GUI example
56:00 Matlab NI-DAQ interface
http://people.ece.cornell.edu/....land/courses/ece5030
http://people.ece.cornell.edu/....land/courses/ece5030
http://people.ece.cornell.edu/....land/courses/ece5030
8:50 How cells change voltage
24:30 cell equivalent circuits
31:00 action potential generation
52:20 heart structure
1:00:00 heart electronics
Help us caption and translate this video on Amara.org: http://www.amara.org/en/v/bZH/
December 1, 2008 lecture by George Levine for the Stanford Continuing Studies course on Darwin's Legacy (DAR 200). Dr. Levine discusses through analysis of Darwin's literary works, ways of seeing and being enchanted by the world as well as the poetic eloquence of Darwin's prose. The lecture is concluded with a discussion between Dr. Levine and Rob Polhemus.
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://csp.stanford.edu
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
November 17, 2008 lecture by Russell Fernald for the Stanford Continuing Studies course on Darwin's Legacy (DAR 200). Dr. Fernald discusses how social behavior changes the brains of fish, animals, and humans to adapt to situations typically involving mating behaviors. The lecture is concluded with a panel discussion with Eric Knudsen and Charles Junkerman.
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://csp.stanford.edu
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
November 10, 2008 lecture by Paul Ewald for the Stanford Continuing Studies course on Darwin's Legacy (DAR 200). Dr. Ewald speaks about how several pathogenic viruses have evolved over time to break down the cell's barriers to several types of cancer. He suggests that further research will aid in the discovery of additional viruses linked to the causation of cancer. The lecture is concluded with a panel discussion with Gary Schoolnik and Stanley Falkow.
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://csp.stanford.edu
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
0:00 Course intro
46:00 start biology -- how cells generate voltages
ALL COURSE MATERIALS are at
http://people.ece.cornell.edu/....land/courses/ece5030
November 3, 2008 lecture by Professor Melissa Brown for the Stanford Continuing Studies course on Darwin's Legacy (DAR 200). Professor Brown speaks about the history and consequences of social Darwinism, and offers insight into new ways of thinking about social evolution.
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://csp.stanford.edu
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
October 27, 2008 lecture by Niles Eldredge for the Stanford Continuing Studies course on Darwin's Legacy (DAR 200). Dr. Eldredge discusses Darwin's life and work. The lecture is concluded with a panel discussion with Ward Watt and Liz Hadly.
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://csp.stanford.edu
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
October 20, 2008 lecture by Peter and Rosemary Grant for the Stanford Continuing Studies course on Darwin's Legacy (DAR 200). The Grants discuss how and why species multiply. The lecture is concluded with a panel discussion with Carol Boggs and Rodolfo Dirzo.
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://csp.stanford.edu
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
October 13, 2008 lecture by Daniel Dennett for the Stanford Continuing Studies course on Darwin's Legacy (DAR 200). Dr. Dennett presents the philosophical importance of Darwin's theory of evolution. The lecture is concluded with a panel discussion with Hank Greely and Chris Bobonich.
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://csp.stanford.edu
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
October 6, 2008 lecture by Janet Browne for the Stanford Continuing Studies course on Darwin's Legacy (DAR 200). Dr. Browne presents a biography on Charles Darwin and explores Darwin's Origin of Species. The lecture is concluded with a panel discussion with Craig Heller and Robert Proctor.
Darwin's Legacy Course:
http://csp.stanford.edu/course/dar200.asp
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://csp.stanford.edu
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
September 29, 2008 lecture by Eugenie Scott for the Stanford Continuing Studies course on Darwin's Legacy (DAR 200). Dr. Scott explores the evolution vs. creationism debate and provides an argument for evolution. The lecture is concluded with a panel discussion with Brent Sockness and Jeff Wine.
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://csp.stanford.edu
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
September 22, 2008 introductory lecture by William Durham for the Stanford Continuing Studies course on Darwin's Legacy (DAR 200). Professor Durham provides an overview of the course; Professor Robert Siegel touches upon "Darwin's Own Evolution;" Professor Durham returns for a talk on "Darwin's Data;" and the lecture concludes with a panel discussion moderated by Dr. Lynn Rothschild.
Stanford Continuing Studies:
http://csp.stanford.edu
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(June 2, 2010) Professor Robert Sapolsky gives the final lecture in the Human Biology 160 class. He uses the lecture to wrap up any loose ends and show how the themes of the class connects without the more complex concepts that were brought up throughout the course.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Department of Biology:
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(May 26, 2010) Professor Robert Sapolsky finishes his lecture on language and then dives into his discussion about schizophrenia. He discusses environmental factors as well as genetic characteristics that could apply to people who are affected. He describes schizophrenia as a disease of thought disorder and inappropriate emotional attributes.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Department of Biology:
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(May 21, 2010) Professor Robert Sapolsky gives a lecture on language. He describes the similarities and differences between different human and animal languages. He focuses on how we use language to communicate with each other, how we communicate with animals, and how animals commute with each other.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Department of Biology:
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(May 21, 2010) Professor Robert Sapolsky gives a lecture on emergence and complexity. He details how a small difference at one place in nature can have a huge effect on a system as time goes on. He calls this idea fractal magnification and applies it to many different systems that exist throughout nature.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Department of Biology:
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(May 19, 2010) Professor Robert Sapolsky gives what he calls "one of the most difficult lectures of the course" about chaos and reductionism. He references a book that he assigned to his students. This lecture focuses on reduction science and breaking things down to their component parts in order to understand them best.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Department of Biology:
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(May 17, 2010) Professor Robert Sapolsky completes his fourth and final part of a discussion about aggression and violence. He discusses how hormones and evolution have shaped this behavior into the way humans interact today.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Department of Biology:
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(May 14, 2010) Robert Sapolsky continues his neurobiological exploration of human aggression. He discusses correlations between neurotransmitter prevalence and aggression levels, aggressive activity differences from genetic variance, societal factors and application, amplification from alcohol, and crime and punishment.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Department of Biology:
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(May 12, 2010) Robert Sapolsky continues his lectures about aggression in humans but also continues to talk about other emotions and what goes on in the brain to cause these various emotions.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Department of Biology:
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(May 10, 2010) Robert Sapolsky completes his talk on sexual behavior in humans as well as other species, focusing on characteristics that create attractiveness. He then switches subject and talks about human aggression and how this has evolved and developed in different cultures.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Department of Biology:
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
May 5, 2010) Robert Sapolsky explores behavioral patterns of human reproduction. He focuses on proximal and distal motivations, orgasm and fertility facilitation, non-reproductive sex, hormonal and cerebral sexual functions, and the differences and similarities between humans and animals in various physiological realms.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Department of Biology:
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(April 30, 2010) Robert Sapolsky focuses on the role of the limbic system as the emotional component of the nervous system. He explores its influence on decision making, its connection to the cortex, and the various functions of subparts within the limbic system circuitry.
Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Department of Biology:
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(April 28, 2010) Robert Sapolsky continues the exploration of endocrinology and neurology. He looks at more complicated systems of communication within neurobiology, the limbic system's role in personality and behavior, abnormal behavior possibilities within these systems, and individual organism variation and imprinting.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu/
Stanford Department of Biology
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(April 26, 2010) William Peterson and Tom McFadden introduce the field of endocrinology. They explore at the contextual basis of the endocrine system, peptide vs. steroid hormones, the processes by which the brain controls hormones, and hormonal influence on the brain.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford Department of Biology
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(April 23, 2010) Patrick House discusses memories and how they are formed. Dana Turker then lectures about the autonomic nervous system and its functions.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford Department of Biology
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(April 21, 2010) Nathan Woodling and Anthony Chung-Ming Ng give a broad overview of the field of neuroscience and how it relates to human biology. They discuss the different lobes of the brain and the cells within as well as neuropharmacology and re-uptake.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford Department of Biology
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(April 19, 2010) Robert Sapolsky looks at the biology of behavior through the ethological lens: observing animals in various natural environments, in their own language. He explores behavioral variety, the importance of gene environment interactions, experimental testing of fixed action patterns, the releasing of informational stimuli, and neuroethology.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford Department of Biology
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(April 16, 2010) Robert Sapolsky discusses various methods of innate recognition of relatives between animals and humans through protein signatures, olfactory cellular mechanisms, cognitive, and sensory processes. He explores the importance of relatedness in animal mating/ovulation cycles and other phenomena that show how organisms identify each other.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford Department of Biology
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(April 14, 2010) Robert Sapolsky continues his series addressing the link between behavior and genetics. He covers the complex endeavor of gene isolation and variability and heritability and wrongly eliminated environmental influences in heritability tests -- finding that genes and environment are infinitely interconnected and co-dependent on each other.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford Department of Biology
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(April 12, 2010) Robert Sapolsky introduces a two-part series exploring the controversial scientific practice of inferring behavior to genetics. He covers classical techniques in behavior genetics and flaws, the significance of environmental factors, non genetic inheritance of traits, and multigenerational effects and relationship to epigenetic differences.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford Department of Biology
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(April 7, 2010) Robert Sapolsky continues his series on molecular genetics in which he discusses domains of mutation and various components of natural selection on a molecular level. He also further assesses gradualism and punctuated equilibrium models of evolution, integrating these theories into an interrelated model of development.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford Department of Biology
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(April 5, 2010) Robert Sapolsky makes interdisciplinary connections between behavioral biology and molecular genetic influences. He relates protein synthesis and point mutations to microevolutionary change, and discusses conflicting theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium and the influence of epigenetics on development theories.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford Department of Biology
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(April 2, 2010) Robert Sapolsky continues his two-part series on evolution focusing on individual and kin selection, behavioral logic, competitive infanticide, male/female animal hierarchies, sex-ratio fluctuation, intersexual competition, imprinted genes, sperm competition, inbred-founder populations, group and multi-level selection, and punctuated equilibrium.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford Department of Biology
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(March 31, 2010) Stanford professor Robert Sapolsky lectures on the biology of behavioral evolution and thoroughly discusses examples such as The Prisoner's Dilemma.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford Department of Biology
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
(March 29, 2010) Stanford professor Robert Sapolsky gave the opening lecture of the course entitled Human Behavioral Biology and explains the basic premise of the course and how he aims to avoid categorical thinking.
Stanford University
http://www.stanford.edu
Stanford Department of Biology
http://biology.stanford.edu/
Stanford University Channel on YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/stanford
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video leccture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video template
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
Researchers are working on new ways of restoring plasticity in the brain after it’s damaged by stroke.
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/
Nerve damage in the brain and the spinal cord is almost always permanent. But treatments to promote functional and behavioral healing are on the horizon as researchers begin to understand the molecules at play behind neuronal growth.
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/
What about our brains allows us be one person at the office and a very different person at home? Professor William Newsome explains how a constant rewiring of neural connectivity enables the "socially sensitive" production of behavior.
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/
video lecture
"In my lifetime, there has never been a moment like this one… in terms of the speed and acceleration of discovery.” William Newsome, director of the Stanford Neurosciences Institute, says new technologies are allowing researchers to make significant progress in understanding the brain.
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/
video lecture
Karl Deisseroth at the Inaugural Symposium of Stanford Neurosciences Institute.
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu
Part of the Inaugural Symposium of Stanford Neurosciences Institute recorded on October 10, 2014.
video lecture
Closing Remarks delivered by William Newsome, Director of Stanford Neurosciences Institute at the Stanford Neurosciences Inaugural Symposium.
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu
Part of the Inaugural Symposium of Stanford Neurosciences Institute recorded on October 10, 2014.
Stanford President John Hennessy delivers the final remarks of the Symposium. He discusses the future of the Stanford Neurosciences Institute and of the Stanford University at large.
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu
Part of the Inaugural Symposium of Stanford Neurosciences Institute recorded on October 10, 2014.
video lecture
Dr. Thomas Südhof, Professor in the School of Medicine at Stanford University, discusses function of neurexins and their ligands, which are essential for synapse function and determine the properties and nature of synapses. Mutations in these molecules have been associated with autism, schizophrenia and intellectual disability, suggesting that the functions of these molecules are relevant for insight into these devastating disorders.
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu
Part of the Inaugural Symposium of Stanford Neurosciences Institute recorded on October 9 & 10, 2014.
video lecture
Professor Nita Farahany, Professor of Law & Philosophy at Duke Law School, presents several of the more salient issues that arise from the intersection of law and neuroscience. Recent scientific progress has dramatically advanced our understanding of the biological, neurological and environmental contributions to normal and deviant human behavior. Behavioral scientists have moved beyond purely descriptive scientific accounts to predictive ones by linking genetic and neurological variations to behavioral variations in the population. Dr. Farahany discusses the first comprehensive empirical study on the use of neuroscience in the U.S. criminal justice system.
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu
Part of the Inaugural Symposium of Stanford Neurosciences Institute recorded on October 10, 2014.
video lecture
Professor Carla Shatz, Professor of Biology and of Neurobiology and the Director of Bio-X at Stanford University, discusses research results that show that Major Histocompatability Class I and PirB genes, thought previously to function only in immunity, act at neuronal synapses to limit how much - or how quickly - synapse strength changes in response to new experience. Changes in their function could contribute to developmental disorders such as Schizophrenia, and even to the synapse loss in Alzheimer’s Disease.
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu
Part of the Inaugural Symposium of Stanford Neurosciences Institute recorded on October 9, 2014.
video lecture
Dr. Thomas Insel, Director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), discusses how a deeper understanding of how the human brain functions will yield new approaches to diagnostics and therapeutics, bending the curve for millions affected by mental disorders.
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu
Part of the Inaugural Symposium of Stanford Neurosciences Institute recorded on October 9, 2014.
Dr. Bruce Rosen, Professor of Radiology at Harvard Medical School, discusses how functional imaging of the human brain is evolving, allowing neuroscientists to bridge the gap between systems-level human imaging and circuit-level mechanistic neural models, and enhancing our ability to explore and better understand human neuroscience and human disease.
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu
Part of the Inaugural Symposium of Stanford Neurosciences Institute recorded on October 9, 2014.
video lecture
Professor John Rogers, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, discusses how the successful integration of optoelectronic and microfluidic systems with the brain has the potential to accelerate basic scientific discoveries and their translation into clinically relevant technologies. Professor Rogers’ research includes fundamental and applied aspects of materials for unusual electronic and photonic devices, with an emphasis on bio-integrated and bio-inspired systems.
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu
Part of the Inaugural Symposium of Stanford Neurosciences Institute recorded on October 9, 2014.
video lecture
Opening Remarks delivered by William Newsome, Director of the Stanford Neurosciences Institute, and Ann Arvin, Vice Provost and Dean of Research for Stanford University, at the Inaugural Symposium of the Stanford Neurosciences Institute.
https://neuroscience.stanford.edu
Part of the Inaugural Symposium of Stanford Neurosciences Institute recorded on October 9, 2014.
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
video lecture
Vedio lactures
Vedio lactures
Visit the course website: http://cryo-em-course.caltech.edu
Learn more about the Jensen Lab: http://www.jensenlab.caltech.edu
Produced in association with Caltech Academic Media Technologies. ©2015 California Institute of Technology
Did you know that if you live up to the age of 75, you’ll have spent 25 of those years sleeping? That’s one-third of your life… asleep! Of that third, a whole 6 years is dedicated to dreaming. Well, if you’re gonna spend so much time off in dreamland, you might as well know get to know some useful facts about this magical place!
I like this one. It turns out, strangers' faces in your dreams are actual faces you’ve seen in real life! Our mind isn’t as good at inventing faces as it is at recognizing or remembering them. So, that random stranger who held a door open for you like 8 years ago, their face could’ve made it into one of your dreams by now! Isn't it amazing?
Other videos you might like:
8 Dream Signs You Shouldn't Ignore https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBlUezUO8KU&
9 Fascinating Things That Happen to Your Body While You Sleep https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUX2kzxgmTo&
I Decided to Sleep for 4 Hours a Day, See What Happened https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbFzL-0pEeU&
TIMESTAMPS:
You can problem-solve in your dreams 0:49
You’re more likely to have negative dreams than positive ones 1:43
You can control your dreams 2:22
You only remember about 10% of your dreams 3:44
Animals probably dream 4:08
Cave paintings are most likely prehistoric dream journals 4:47
Dreams are symbolic 5:22
Blind people can dream visually 5:59
Many dreams are universal 6:27
Men and women dream differently 6:54
In dreams, we only see faces that we’ve already seen before 7:32
Dreams are good for your creativity 8:00
Your brain is more active when you’re dreaming than when you’re awake 8:35
You experience sleep paralysis during your dreams 9:07
The brain can incorporate reality into dreams 9:34
You can thank TV for the fact that you dream in color 10:01
#dreams #sleep #sleepingfacts
Music by Epidemic Sound https://www.epidemicsound.com/
SUMMARY:
- Sleeping on something often gives us a new perspective on a problem we’re facing. The famous pro-golfer Jack Nicklaus even cured a bad playing streak by figuring out in a dream that he was holding his club all wrong!
- Bad dreams are much more common that happy fun dreams. In general, the most frequently felt emotions in dreams are anxiety, anger, sadness, and fear.
- Being able to control your dreams is something called lucid dreaming. It’s basically a combination of simultaneously being in a state of REM sleep (which is when you dream) and in a state of consciousness.
- The reality is that we ALL dream, on average about 4-7 dreams per night. It’s just that up to 60% of people don’t remember them at all.
- While science is still trying to figure this one out, it’s been proven that all animals experience cycles of REM and non-REM sleep and even show the same brain activity as humans do during dreaming.
- According to “The Complete Book of Dreams” by Julia and Derek Parker, some experts suggest that cave paintings are actually records of dreams.
- Dreams speak a very exclusive and symbolic language, so they’re rarely what they seem. Only you can decipher all those absurd little movies playing in your head as you sleep!
- Even if someone is blind from birth, their dreams can be just as intense as a sighted person’s. Only, there’s one exception: they involve all the other senses except sight.
- Cross-culturally, some of the most common dreams are of being chased, being attacked, falling, repeating an action over and over again, being frozen with fear, and being late for something.
- Men’s dreams include other men about 70% of the time. Women’s dreams, however, involve both men and women equally.
- You might think all of you is resting at night, but your brain is actually is more active during sleep than when you’re awake.
- If there’s something happening around you while you’re dreaming, like drilling for example, you might start dreaming that you’re at the dentist getting a cavity filled.
- In studies done from 1915 through the 1950s, researchers found that the vast majority of people only dreamed in black and white. But everything changed in the 1960s, and people slowly started dreaming in color a lot more.
Subscribe to Bright Side : https://goo.gl/rQTJZz
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Our Social Media:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/brightside/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/brightgram/
5-Minute Crafts Youtube: https://www.goo.gl/8JVmuC
Photos: https://www.depositphotos.com
East News
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more videos and articles visit:
http://www.brightside.me/
If you're interested in licensing this or any other Big Think clip for commercial or private use, contact our licensing partner Executive Interviews: https://www.executiveinterview....s.biz/contact-us/ame
Harris practices Imagery Rehearsal Therapy, which teaches patients to take control of nightmares by rehearsing them during the day and changing them into positive scenarios. 90% of Harris's patients report this therapy to decrease the frequency of
Have you ever wished you could record your dreams and watch them later? It may be possible sooner than you think...
Subscribe - It's FREE! http://bit.ly/10kWnZ7
All Time 10's SCIENCE COLLABORATION: http://bit.ly/11gFPvS
Vsauce video 'Why Do We Dream?': http://youtu.be/7GGzc3x9WJU
SUPER-SCIENCE COLLABORATION:
Veritasium - http://www.youtube.com/1veritasium (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JGSqG8OLjE)
Fast, Furious & Funny - http://www.youtube.com/fastfuriousandfunny (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWxub2XhmXM)
The Brain Scoop - http://www.youtube.com/thebrainscoop (http://youtu.be/mNuu0y6ZmAs)
ASAPScience - http://www.youtube.com/AsapSCIENCE (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgxJhpLoFFU)
The Royal Institute of Great Britain - http://www.youtube.com/TheRoyalInstitution (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gm02Oid8sbs)
PBS Idea Channel - http://www.youtube.com/pbsideachannel (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbNymweHW4E)
The Spangler Effect - http://www.youtube.com/TheSpanglerEffect (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4fQ4uB-At-c)
Minute Physics - http://www.youtube.com/minutephysics (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yHDeKFW8j8)
Head Squeeze - http://www.youtube.com/HeadsqueezeTV (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPBJX1SW7AA)
Vsauce - http://www.youtube.com/Vsauce (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L45Q1_psDqk)
Follow us!!
FACEBOOK: http://on.fb.me/12fEcFg
TWITTER: http://bit.ly/16mYsWW
Written and created by Mitchell Moffit (twitter @mitchellmoffit) and Gregory Brown (twitter @whalewatchmeplz).
Further Reading ---
Pixelated Input Experiment:
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16267
Neural Decoding During Sleep:
http://www.sciencemag.org/cont....ent/340/6132/639.abs
http://blogs.smithsonianmag.co....m/science/2013/04/sc
Brain Reconstruction Video:
http://youtu.be/nsjDnYxJ0bo
SURPRISE BECAUSE SCIENCE CHANNEL! Subscribe now and click the shiny notifications bell so you don’t miss out on all things science and pop culture.
http://bit.ly/BecSciSub
Subscribe for more Because Science: http://nerdi.st/subscribe
Watch the last episode: http://nerdi.st/1ZYQGeQ
The paralyzing fear of seeing ghosts, spirits, or alien abductions has been documented by many, but is there another common explanation? Kyle explains the science of sleep paralysis on this week’s Because Science!
More science: https://nerdist.com/topic/science-tech/
Watch more Because Science: http://nerdi.st/BecSci
Follow Kyle Hill: https://twitter.com/Sci_Phile
Follow Us: https://twitter.com/NerdistDotCom
Because Science every Thursday.
Artist: Andrew Bowser
Learn more:
• Sleep Paralysis Explains the Ghosts in Your Room http://nerdi.st/1NoyFj2
• Sleep paralysis in the general population http://nerdi.st/1LGdWV5
TWEET IT - http://clicktotweet.com/8kcnO
Have you ever wanted to take control of your dreams? Now you can, with the science of how to lucid dream! With these simple steps, and a little practice, you'll soon experience sleep like never before.
Written and created by Mitchell Moffit (twitter @mitchellmoffit) and Gregory Brown (twitter @whalewatchmeplz).
TWITTER: http://www.twitter.com/AsapSCIENCE
FACEBOOK: http://www.facebook.com/AsapSCIENCE
Music by Mitchell Moffit
http://www.mitchellmoffit.com
http://www.twitter.com/mitchellmoffit
http://www.facebook.com/mitchellmoffit
Art by Gregory and Mitchell
http://www.gregorybrownart.tumblr.com
http://www.twitter.com/whalewatchmeplz
Some Sources---
1) http://www.lucidity.com/SleepAndCognition.html
2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19750924
3) http://bit.ly/vkD3oM
4) http://www.sciencedaily.com/re....leases/2012/07/12072
5) http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/a....bs/10.2466/pms.1980.
Order my book today!
ARE U OK? http://geni.us/sva4iUY
When our body goes into the 5th and final stage of sleep otherwise known as REM sleep, our mind disconnects itself from the body, so that when we dream we don't hurt ourselves or someone else. When we awake during this stage of sleep our mind wakes up but our body cannot move.
Sleep paralysis falls under the blanket term of “REM parasomnias.” The term parasomnia is defined by the Cleveland Clinic as: “disruptive sleep disorders that can occur during arousals from rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or arousals from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. They can result in undesirable physical or verbal behaviors, such as walking or talking during sleep. Parasomnias occur in association with sleep, specific stages of sleep, or sleep-wake transitions. These parasomnias can be disruptive to both the patient and the bed partner.”
Because our mind isn’t really awake (coming out of a deep sleep) many people report seeing or feeling things when they wake that scare them, and that’s when they realize they can’t move. This only makes the sleep paralysis more scary, but know that it’s just your brain trying to wake up. It’s not completely aware of its surroundings and is trying to make sense of everything as quickly as possible. So know that you are not psychotic or having a psychotic break, your brain is simply trying to wake up.
After much research they have concluded that sleep paralysis is merely a sign that our body is not moving smoothly through the sleep cycles. They do not link sleep paralysis to mental illness, but we do know that stress and changes in our sleep patterns can exacerbate (but not cause) it.
We can have sleep paralysis in conjunction with another sleep disorder or it can occur on it’s own. So if you are having issues with your sleep, please reach out to a sleep specialist in your area. Even when I was looking through the DSM to make sure sleep paralysis wasn’t in there, there was a whole section dedicated to letting mental health professionals know that a referral to a sleep specialist should always be considered. Also, know that I was not trained on these issues AT ALL in school. I only tell you that to make sure that you get the right help if you need it. Not all mental health professionals will be equipped to help.
TREATMENT: 1. We need to keep track of our sleep for a few weeks. 2. Write down all of the symptoms you experience 3. Get your sleep back into a more regular routine. Move your bedtime closer to where you want it to be 15-30 mins at a time. Do the same with your wakeup time. Until you get it into a more desirable schedule. Then do your best to keep it there. Having a regular sleep and wake schedule will help tremendously 4. Reduce your stress - we know that stress can exacerbate sleep paralysis, also doing hard work in therapy can make our sleep wake schedules veer off course (especially trauma work). So using some simple breathing techniques before bed (like 4x4 breathing) can help. Also, doing some simple stretches like: forward bend, child’s pose, plow pose and supine spinal twist - can all help your nervous system calm down and relax before bed. Also journaling when you get home from work instead of right before bed could help.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e1sCa5Tu1fs
Breathing technique video: https://youtu.be/Apkg1cKDyyA
Yoga stretches video: https://youtu.be/Rtcs1j47XbA
My video on sleep: https://youtu.be/5B7tw2e89MQ
I'm so excited for this movie... you? https://youtu.be/n5LoVcVsiSQ
If you want to add translations, click the gear icon and go to Subtitles/CC then to Add subtitles or CC!
PATREON
Do you want to help support the creation of mental health videos? https://www.katimorton.com/kati-morton-patreon/
JOURNALING & MOTIVATION TEXT SERVICE
I have launched a new tool to help you journal & stay motivated. I know getting started on our path to self care can be hard and sometimes sticking with it can be even more difficult. That’s why I created this tool! I’ll be sending you messages twice a week, and my hope is that this can help get you thinking and writing more easily, or possibly take your journaling in a new and helpful direction.
Let’s get started: https://create.getpurple.io/p/katimorton/
I'm Kati Morton, a licensed therapist making Mental Health videos!
CONTACT
Business email: linnea@toneymedia.com
Mail:
PO Box #665
1223 Wilshire Blvd.
Santa Monica, CA 90403
WORKBOOKS
Please visit the Itunes Bookstore and Search "Kati Morton". My Ibooks include exclusive videos and worksheets to help you on your path to wellness.
Help us caption & translate this video!
https://amara.org/v/hENO/ ****PLEASE READ****
If you or someone you know is in immediate danger, please call a local emergency telephone number or go immediately to the nearest emergency room.
Do dreams actually have meanings? Or are they just short movies that your subconsciousness randomly creates? Dreams have always fascinated people. To this day, psychologists conduct extensive research to try and figure out what happens in our mind and body when we sleep.
In ancient Egypt, those with colorful and vivid dreams were considered to be special people. So special that most of their dreams were recorded on papyrus! The Egyptians firmly believed that divine revelation came from dreams, in which you could find all the answers to your worries and gain wisdom. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Sigmund Freud, a famous neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, introduced his perception of dreaming in his book The Interpretation of Dreams. According to Freud, when your consciousness is asleep and resting, your subconsciousness wakes up and produces images that give you a little sneak peek into your deepest self.
TIMESTAMPS:
Flying 1:45
Falling 2:24
Being lost 3:22
Being chased 4:00
Being trapped 4:46
Losing teeth 5:32
Being naked 6:14
Meeting a celebrity 7:00
Music by Epidemic Sound https://www.epidemicsound.com/
SUMMARY:
- Flying might show that you have too much on your plate at the moment and that you desperately want to “fly above” all your problems. Either way, these dreams are a way for your subconsciousness to tell you that something needs to be changed if you want to feel this level of lightness and happiness in reality.
- If somebody pushed you, this means you're putting too much pressure on yourself. If you know the person who pushed you, they're probably the one to blame for your stress.
- The most obvious one is that you have lost your way in reality, and you know that deep down — but you keep going. Your subconsciousness is trying to reach out and warn you that you're going in the wrong direction.
- Dreams of being chased are especially common among people who suffer from anxiety and depression. Psychologically speaking, these dreams reflect that you're trying to avoid something in your waking life. So next time you have this dream, try to remember who was chasing you.
- Psychologists suggest that being trapped in a dream can show that you're holding on to your past and, therefore, can't live fully in your present. Take some time to re-evaluate your behavior, habits, and attitude. Make sure they reflect the current you, not somebody you used to be.
- Psychologists are sure that dreams about your teeth are closely connected to the fear of losing your attractiveness and youth. You're afraid that people will reject you if you become less appealing. And even though it seems like a completely natural fear, if such dreams are recurring, it's a serious problem.
- If you notice that you often have dreams in which you appear naked in front of people, this might indicate that you often try to hide your true personality to please others. In this way, “naked” dreams are similar to those in which you lose teeth — with one little exception: it's not about your looks.
- According to Lauri Loewenberg, dream expert and author of the book Dream on It: Unlock Your Dreams, Change Your Life, if celebrities are frequent guests in your dreams, it may signify your desire for the validation and recognition you're not getting.
Subscribe to Bright Side : https://goo.gl/rQTJZz
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Our Social Media:
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/brightside/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/brightgram/
5-Minute Crafts Youtube: https://www.goo.gl/8JVmuC
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more videos and articles visit:
http://www.brightside.me/
Want more videos about psychology every Monday and Thursday? Check out our sister channel SciShow Psych at https://www.youtube.com/scishowpsych!
Why do we sleep? Well... that's a tricky question. More easily answered is the question,"How do we sleep?" In this episode of Crash Course Psychology, Hank discusses some of the ways our brain functions when sleeping and how it can malfunction as well.
--
Table of Contents
Four Stages of Sleep 02:38
Why We Dream 04:28
Information Processing 08:13
Physiological Function 08:31
Cognitive Development 08:52
Neural Activity Models 09:04
--
Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse
Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse
Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse
Leanback and IMG! later this week! LINKS TO LEARN:
Smarter Every Day: http://www.youtube.com/destinws2
How to Lucid Dream: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llw717IARpQ
Whatswhat reviews my beard and other stuff: http://ow.ly/700ES
ALL music by Jake Chudnow: http://soundcloud.com/jakechudnow
**SLEEP STUFF**
Good general sleep info: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep
Sleep facts: http://www.abc.net.au/science/sleep/facts.htm
REM sleep: http://www.why-we-dream.com/remstate.htm
Old video about REM sleep: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzoU0_sgip4
Lucid Dreaming on the Discovery Channel: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASf55cov5F8
Quick info in different dream theories: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D....ream#The_Neurobiolog
Incredible documentary on a fatal disease that keeps you from sleeping: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIeTVVAEFn8